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PSY of Women > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the social factors related to the size of gender differences in social and personality factors?
-3

A
  1. Gender differences are usually largest when other people are present
  2. Gender differences are generally largest when gender is prominent and other shared roles are minimized
  3. Gender differences are usually largest when the behavior requires specific gender related skills (changing a tire)
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2
Q

Gender differences in verbal communication (4)

A
  1. Talkativeness- evidence is mixed but clearly doesnt support women being more talkative
  2. Interruptions => men more (may be due to higher status)
  3. Language style- subtle differences; Men tend to curse more, and women tend to use more hesitant phrases (i’m not sure) when talking with men.
  4. Content of language- both sexes tend to talk about similar topics (people of other sex, work, people of same gender, school) (Sports was the only category with men talking more about)
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3
Q

Gender comparisons in nonverbal communication - 5

A
  1. Personal space bubble- women’s are smaller
    Publice distance= 12-25 ft
    Social Distance= Close is 4-7ft Far is 7-12ft
    Personal Distance= Close is 1.5 to 2 ft Far is 2-4ft
    Intimate Distance= Close is 0 to 6 inches Far is 6inces to 18inches
  2. Body Posture- Women tend to have a tightly contained posture; men tend to be more spread out and relaxed
  3. Gaze- women do more; people also gaze more at women (eye contact shows respect)
  4. Facial Expression- women smile more, men more somber (especially in posed situations)
    - Women also smile when they are uncomfortable
    - Angry men are judged to look angry; angry woman are thought to also look afraid
  5. Decoding Ability- women better in reading nonverbal emotions
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4
Q

Explanations for gender differences in communication (2)

A
  1. Power and Social Status
    - men have more power/social status
    - powerful ppl are allowed to exhibt male-stereotyped communication behavior - Gender diffs more minimal when ppl have similiar power/status
  2. Social Learning
    - Culture teaches males and females how to communicate
    - Children are reinforced for gender consistent behaviors and punished for inconsistent ones
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5
Q

Aggression

- gender diffs?

A

behavior directed toward another person with intention of doing harm

  • men tend to use more physical aggrression
  • women tend to use more relational aggression
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6
Q

Relational aggression

A

is aggression that could harm another person through intentionally manipulating interpersonal relationships, such as friendships

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7
Q

Ostrov et al. gender differences in aggression among preschoolers

A

Same sex children 3-5 years old placed in a group and instructed to color a picture. Ask to color a picture with a lot of the same color. In the middle of the table, there were three crayons ( 1 orange and 2 white). Boys used phsyical aggression to get the orange crayon. Girls more likely to use relational aggression (silent treatment)

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8
Q

Other factors of gender and aggression

- M vs F

A
  1. Men more likely to exhibit spontanious unprovoked aggression - dispalcing anger on others
  2. Women are less likely to act aggressively towards someone they know (men more aggressive towards ppl the know)
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9
Q

Altruism

- gender

A

means providing unselfish help to others who are in need, without anticipating any reward.

  • Research with children and with adults shows gender similaritiesalthough men are more help- ful on tasks that are physically dangerous or require expertise in a traditionally “masculine” area
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10
Q

Becker and Eagly study

A

Examined helpfulness in more dangerous situations. they studied heroism, which they defined as risking one’s life for the welfare of other people.

  • One category of heroes that Becker and Eagly considered was the list of Carnegie Hero Medal recipients. This award is given to individuals in the United States and Canada who risk their own life to save the lives of other people ( Becker and Eagly discovered that 9% of these individuals were female.
  • The next category of heroes that Becker and Eagly considered was those whose helpfulness was less dangerous, although still very risky. Here, the majority of these individuals were female. In other words, women are somewhat more likely than men to undergo pain and potential medical problems, in order to help another person.
  • The last category in Becker and Eagly’s study was the individuals who earned the title “Righteous Among the Nations.” These were non-Jews who risked their lives during the Nazi holocaust to save Jews. For this category, 61% were female.
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11
Q

Eagly’s explanation of differences in helpfulness

A
  • believe pattern of differences explained by gender roles
  • A social role refers to a culture’s shared expectations about the behavior of a group that occupies a particular social category, for example, the social category “men.” Men typi- cally have greater size and strength than women, which means that they are more likely to perform activities requiring these physical characteristics, such as saving someone from drowning. Their heroism is also more public.
  • The social-role explanation points out that women’s social role is partly based on their giving birth to children. They are therefore more likely to take care of children, most often in a home setting. Their kind of heroism is less likely to require physical strength and more likely to occur in private. For example, most people who rescued Jews during the Nazi holocaust were very careful to conceal their heroism.
  • In summary, then, both men and women can be heroic, but the nature of their heroism is somewhat different
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12
Q

Empathy -3

A

You show empathy when you (1) understand the emotion that another person is feeling, (2) you experience that same emotion, and (3) you are concerned about that person’s well-being

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13
Q

Gender differences in empathy (3)

A
  • According to the stereotype, women are more empathic than men. However, the actual research shows substantial gender differences only when the results are based on self-reports
    1. Females and males are equally empathic when the operational definition requires physiological measures. Specifically, measures such as heart rate, pulse
    2. Females and males are equally empathic when the operational definition requires nonverbal measures. For example, some studies have measured empathy in terms of the observer’s facial, vocal, and gestural measures. A typical study examines whether children’s facial expressions change in response to hearing an infant cry.
    3. Females are more empathic than males when the operational definition is based on self-report. To assess empathy, a typical questionnaire includes items such as “I tend to get emotionally involved with a friend’s problems.” Studies with adolescents and adults usually find that females report more empathy than do males Also males who rate themselves relatively high in “feminine char- acteristics” also report that they are high in empathy
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14
Q

Boys and girls same-gender friendship

A
  • Children show gender segregation
  • Girls tend to have smaller number of friends and have friends that do not know each other
  • boys more likely to have friends that all belong to same group
  • girls more likely than boys to engage in self-disclosure
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15
Q

Women’s and men’s same gender friendship

A
  • gender similarities in what friends do together (more likely to just talk then complete projects
  • both report same degree of satisfaction with friendship
  • however females value physical contact
  • women more likely to value self-disclosure
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16
Q

Styles of leadership (2)

A
  1. Transformational-charasmatic, inspires employess, gains trust, encourages staff development, supportive, empowering
  2. Transactional- clarify tasks, that the employess must accomplish, rewards employees, when objectives are meant, corrects them when objectives arent meant
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17
Q

gender differences in leadership effectiveness

A

Women tend to be more of the transformational style, and slightly higher on the transactional aspect of rewarding

  • Men tend to do more of the Transactional style
  • Women are likely somewhat more effective
  • however, When asked ppl say they would rather work for men
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18
Q

Eagly research on gender leadership style

A

Alice Eagly and her colleagues (2003) conducted a meta-analysis of 45 studies that focused on the kind of leadership style adopted by men and women. women leaders were slightly higher on the transformational dimension. Women leaders were also slightly higher on the “reward” aspect of transactional leader- ship but slightly lower on the other aspects of transactional leadership However, it’s important to note that some studies fail to find gender differences in leadership style

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19
Q

Gendre comparisons on persuasion

  • assertivenss
  • most successful?
A
  • Typically men are more persuasive (probably due to the stereotype of incompetence in women)
  • Gender and assertiveness: when assertive, women are less persuasive to men, but more persuasive to women
  • Female nonverbal behavior that is too masculine is judged negatively
  • Doubel bind for women- they can’t win with either style
  • women more successful if they act modest and men if they act boastful
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20
Q

Employed vs. non employed women

A

Working women refers to:

  1. employed women- work for pay
  2. non employed women- not paid; may do volunteer work; work for their families
    - 60% of women in our society are working
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21
Q

Predictors of who will work outside the home (4)

A
  1. Education- correlated with employment
  2. Chilren- not correlated with employment
  3. Ethnicity- not correlated with employment
  4. Immigrant women- often have trouble obtaining employment
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22
Q

Access discrimination

- Steinpreis (1998)

A

discrimination in hiring proces
- psych professors were given identical resumes except for gender; some from brian miller others for karen miller. 75% would hire brian; 45% would hire karen

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23
Q

Access discrimination likely to occur:

- 5

A

a. Employers have strong gender-role stereotypes
b. Women apply for a prestigious position
c. Men & Women apply for gender inappropriate jobs d. Applicant’s qualifications are ambiguous
e. Women are assertive rather than feminine

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24
Q

Affirmative action

A

designed to reduce access discrimination and other biases in the workplace and other institutions. According to the current federal law in the United States, every company that has more than 50 employ- ees must establish an affirmative action plan.

  • means that an employer must make special efforts to consider qualified members of underrepresented groups during hiring, as well as decisions about salary and promotion
  • also means that the employer has actively worked to remove any barriers that prevent genuine equality of opportunity.
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25
Q

Goal of affirmative action?

- does it work?

A
  • to make sure that fully qualified women and people of color are given a fair consideration in the workplace, to com- pensate for past or present discrimination
  • Research demonstrates that those U.S. companies with affirmative action programs do indeed have greater workplace equality for women and people of color
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26
Q

Treatment discrimination

A

occurs after a women is hired

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27
Q

Two types of treatment discrimination

A
  1. Salary discrimination- women earn about 77% of median salary of men (men typically enter jobs that pay more, but even when women are in the same jobs, males make more)
  2. Promotion discrimination- glass celing now called labyrinth metaphor seems more appropriate becasue women in search of promotion will encounter many difficulties along the route
    - Sticky floor means being employed in low level dead end jobs with no chance of promotion (ex: cashier, waitresses)
    - Glass escalator is when men in traditional female fields are often quickly promoted to managment positions
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28
Q

Other types of treatment discrimination

-5

A
  • women more likely to recieve negative evaluations
  • sexual harrasment
  • negative gender related comments
  • exclusion from informal social interactions
  • lack of mentoring
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29
Q

how to women react to lower salaries?

A
  • both men and women know women earn lower wages, however women more concerned
  • 62% of the women and only 38% of the men agreed with the statement, “It makes me angry when men have greater job opportunities and rewards than women
  • in general women not angry about own salaries (one reason may be they fail to know they have skills for the job)
  • also due to “denial of personal advantage” many women are reluctant to acknowledge that they—personally—are the victims of discrimination
  • However, if a woman acknowledges that she herself is underpaid, then she must explain this inequity. She may be reluctant to conclude that her boss and the organization that employs her are vil- lains. Unfortunately, if she continues to deny her personal disadvantage, she is not likely to fight for pay equity and other social justice issues.
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30
Q

Discrimination against lesbians -3

A
  • most employers wont hire individuals known to be gay
  • pros and cons of coming out at work (if a person is to come out at work they are to do it slowly)
  • lesbians typically earn more than heterosexual women ( because they are more likley to enter into traditional masculine feilds and tend to be more educated)
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31
Q

Employment in traditionally female occupations - 2

A
  1. Domestic work - typically low income, under-utilization of abilities, lack of independence
  2. Garment work- sweatshops, factories that violate labor laws regarding wages and working conditions
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32
Q

Characteristics of women who work in male professions

A
  • charactersitics of women in traditionally male professions (tend to have similiar characterstics, similiar cognitive skills, similar professional expectations, motivation)
  • men however tend to have higher self confidence
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33
Q

Workplace climate for women in traditionally male professions -4

A

chilly climate; female self-confidence, assertiveness and competence is often viewed negatively

  • females may be judged by personal appearance
  • patronizing treatment
  • sexism
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34
Q

Employment in traditionally male blue collar jobs (firefighter, construction workers)
- 2

A
  • Women are often held to stricter standards

- Sexual harrasment is common

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35
Q

Gender imbalance when it comes to performing household tasks -3

A
  • women in White, Latina/o, and Black families spend more time than men on housework.
  • Compared to women, men had an average of 4 more hours each week to devote to leisure and sports.
  • Several studies in the United States suggest that men do somewhat more housework if they are married to employed women. However, men still per- form between only 30% and 40% of the household tasks in two-job families
  • the only indoor chores that men are more likely to do are household repair and paying bills. They also seldom notice when a chore needs to be done
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36
Q

Factors that influence imbalance of household chores-2

A
  1. Ethnicity- most imbalance in three largest ethnic groups (White, blacks, largest for latinos)
  2. Belief system- men tend to share the housework more equally if they are nontradi- tional and politically liberal
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37
Q

Child care for working mothers - 2

- depends on? (4)

A
  • many respond negatively to nontradiotnal families where mother works and believe it has neg impact on children
  • research contradicts this belief; The nature of the conclusions about maternal employment depends on a wide variety of variables, such as the quality of the child care, the age of the child, the economic background of the family, and the mother’s sensitivity to her child’s needs
38
Q

Conclusions on maternal employment -5

A
  1. the cognitive development of children who have been in a day- care setting is similar to that of children cared for by their mother at home
  2. Children who spend more time in day care interact slightly more negatively with their playmatesHowever, children in high-quality day care are generally more cooper- ative, and they have fewer behavior problems, compared to home-care children
  3. most infants who spend time in a day-care center have the same kind of emotional closeness to their mothers as do children whose mothers do not work outside the home.
  4. research shows that employed mothers tend to encourage their children to be independent
  5. In summary, the overall picture suggests that children’s development is not substantially affected by nonmaterial care (however high quality care is hard to find)
39
Q

North American research: who is the ideal romantic partner

  1. sexual
  2. marriage
  3. personal ads
A 
1. Sexual parnters
Physical Attractivness- men tend to value physical attractiveness in a partner more so than women 
2. Marriage Partners
- both genders similiar
- honesty, personalitym intelligence
3. Personal Ads
- ment tend to emphasize attractiveness; women tend to empahasize financial resources
- Nice guys don't finish last
40
Q

Explanations for gender differnces in dating patterns -2

A
  1. evolutionary

2. social roles

41
Q

Evolutionary explanation

- criticisms

A
  • passing on genes to the next generation
  • men should prefer young, attractive, healthy looking women
  • women should look for commitment/resources to raise children
  • Criticisms: highly speculative and cannot be tested, no genetic mechanisms to support gender differences, same-gender relationships can’t be explained, both men and women are interested in long-term relationships
42
Q

Social roles explanation

A

social roles and socialization explain preference patterns

  • different cultures have different mate selection patterns
  • gender differences in mate preferences arent inevitable
43
Q

factors related to satisfaction within the heterosexual love relationship? - 3

A
  1. Friendship- for both women and men
  2. Emotionally and sexually faithful
  3. Skill at expressing emotions- for both women and men
44
Q

gender comparisons in breaking up and coping with breaking up/coping?

A
  • Men and women report similar negatvie emotions
  • women feel more joy and relief because they may be better at picking up the signals and anticipating breakup
  • Coping: both men and women blame themselves, both use drugs and alcohol, men more likely to distract themselves; women more likely to blam parntners for breakup
45
Q

What is the average age of first marriages?

A

w- 25

m- 27

46
Q

Satisfaction for various periods of marriage? 4

A
  1. Newlyweds most happy
  2. Between 1-2 years=growing resentment/diff expectations
  3. 20-24 years later=least satisfaction
  4. when children leave satisfaction increases
47
Q

gender comparisons in marital satisfaction - 3

A
  1. women more likely to report that marriage did not live up to ideal
  2. women mores sensitive to problems in relationships
  3. overall, gender similaries in mariatal satisfaction
48
Q

Characteristics of happy stable marriage -10

A
  1. Emotional stability
  2. Communication skills and understanding
  3. More positive comments, rather than negatvie comments 4. Strong conflict resolution skills
  4. Trust in the other person
  5. Mutual support
  6. Genuine concern about other’s well-being
  7. Flexibility
  8. Equal sharing of household tasks
  9. Equal sharing in decision making
49
Q

Patterns of power distribution within marriage -2

A
  1. Traditional Marriage- husband more dominant, controls money, makes decisons, wife makes decisions about housework and childcare
  2. Egalitarian Marriage- Both partners share power equally, have equal responsibiility for housework, childcare, money, and decisons
50
Q

machismo and marianismo

A

Latinas:

  • Machismo is the view that the man is clearly dominant;
  • Marianismo is the view that women should give up own needs for husband/children
  • Latino’s do tend to be more traditional, but the above sterotypes have faded
51
Q

traditions of African-Americans regarding marriage

A

Black couplse more egalitarian than other ethnicities

52
Q

traditions Asian-Americans regarding marriage.

A
  • Role of ethnicity in marriage (have to marry within ethnicity)
  • Conflict between traditional customs and contemporary gender roles
53
Q

Lesbian

A

a woman who is psychologically, emotionally, and sexually attracted to other women.

54
Q

What is the psychological adjustment of lesbians?

A
  • A large number of studies have shown that the average lesbian is as well adjusted as the average heterosexual woman
  • Sibling study showed lesbians had higher self-esteem. Often are more self sufficient and confident
  • Not at a great risk of suicide than other women
  • those who accept their lesbian identity have higher self-esteem
55
Q

Characteristics of lesbian relationships

- the beginning

A
  1. want many of the same qualities in a romantic partner that heterosexual women emphasize. These include characteristics such as depend- ability and good personality. Most begin relationship as friends. Romantic relationship is the milestone of coming out
  2. important component is strong emotional intimacy; more likely to emphasize emotional closeness while physical attractiveness is unimportant
56
Q

Characteristics of lesbian relationships

  • equality
  • satisfaction
A
  • balance of power extremely important
  • more couples happier if both members equally contribute; housework divided
  • satisfaction is much the same; may have fewer conflicts
57
Q

Characteristics of lesbian relationships

- breaking up

A
  • not a lot of research done; however seems to be similar to hetero
  • when both lesbian and hetero relationships end, women tend to report negative and positive symptoms
  • certain factors may make lesbians more likely to split up unlike hetero (cost of divorce, joint investments in property, and concerns about children) also lack of support from family
  • lesbians don’t have anyone to share sorrow with and hetero’s often find their breakups less devasting
58
Q

Lesbian women of color

A
  • face a triple barrier: society, ethnicity, and gender
  • Intersectionality argues that it’s important to consider several social categories together, rather than independently
  • Many lesbians of color face an extra barrier because their culture has even more traditional views of women than does mainstream European American culture. For example, Black churches often show sexual prejudice toward lesbian and gay individuals
  • some cultures may be more traditional than american culture (Asian cultures typically believe that sexuality shouldn’t be discussed Asian parents may also feel that a lesbian daughter has rejected their cultural values)
  • Non-White sexual minorities are typically more worried than White sexual minorities that their parents will reject them because of their sexual orientation
59
Q

Theoretical explanations regarding sexual orientation-3

A
  1. biological
  2. social constructionist apporach
  3. dynamical systems approach
60
Q
  1. Biological
A
  • those who favor this model more likely to study gays; lesbians invisible in some studies
  • research examines members of nonhuman species exposed to abnormal levels of prenatal hormones. These research areas are too far removed to offer compelling explanations for women’s sexual orientation.
  • Some research examines genetic factors, hormonal factors, or brain structures determine sexual orientation Some of the research suggests, for example, that a particular region on the X chromosome may contain genes for homosexuality. However, this research focuses almost exclusively on gay males, not lesbians or bisexuals
  • one of the few studies on lesbian genetic factors: 24% of twins were lesbians
61
Q
  1. Social constructionist approach
A
  • women’s sexual orientation is more influenced by our culture, the social norms, and situational factors
  • argues that our culture creates sexual categories, which we use to organize our thoughts about our sexuality; constructionists reject an essentialist approach to sexual orientation. In other words, sexual orientation is not a fundamental aspect of an individual that must be acquired either before birth or in early childhood.
  • propose that, based on their life experiences and cultural messages, most North American women initially construct het-erosexual identities for themselves; However, some women review their sexual and romantic experiences and decide that they are either lesbian or bisexual
  • sexuality is both fluid and flexible
62
Q
  1. dynamical systems approach
A
  • focus on how women’s sexual orientation may change over time
  • proposes that a woman may experience new sexual feelings that occur in specific situations, and then she thinks about these experiences. If these cycles of sexual feelings and interpretations keep occurring, this woman eventually creates a new perspective about her sexuality.
63
Q

Which gender is more likely to initiate divorce?

A

Wives initiate decision to divorce more often

64
Q

What are the psychological effects of divorce?

A
  • involves transitions and seperations
  • Stress, depression and anger
  • Positve feelings (relief, divorce lets women know that they were stronger than they thought they were)
65
Q

What are the financial effects of divorce for women?

A
  • a woman’s financial situation almost always worse following a divorce, especially if she has children
  • many fathers fail to pay child support
66
Q

General phases of the sexual response-4

A

Masters and Johnson described four phases, each focusing on changes in the genitals.

  1. Excitement phase
  2. Plateua phase
  3. Orgasmic phase
  4. Resolution phase
67
Q

Excitement phase

A

women become sexually aroused by touching and erotic thoughts. During the excitement phase, blood rushes to the genital region, causing vasocongestion or swelling caused by the accumulation of blood. causes the clitoris and the labia to enlarge as they fill with blood; it also produces droplets of moisture in the vagina

68
Q

Plateua phase

A

the clitoris shortens and draws back under the clitoral hood. The clitoral region is now extremely sensitive. The clitoral hood is moved, either by thrusting of the penis or by other touching. The move- ment of the clitoral hood stimulates the clitoris.

69
Q

Orgasmic phase

A

the uterus and the outer part of the vagina contract strongly, at intervals roughly a second apart. Women typically experience between 3 and 10 of these rapid contractions during an orgasm

70
Q

Resolution phase

A

the sexual organs return to their earlier unstimulated size. The resolution phase may last 30 minutes or more. How- ever, females may have additional orgasms without going directly into the resolution phase.

71
Q

What are the gender comparisons for sexual desire?

A

Reasonably similar in the nature of their sexual responses. For example, women and men experience similar phases in their sexual responses. Both men and women experience vasocongestion, and their orgasms are physiologically similar.

  • women and men have similar psychological reactions to orgasm, and they use similar adjectives to describe orgasms
  • men reach orgasms more quickly than women
72
Q

What is a sexual disorder?

A

a disturbance in sexual arousal or in sexual responding that causes mental distress

73
Q

Low sexual desire

-cause?

A

has little interest in sexual activity, and she is distressed by this lack of desire
-may be caused by a variety of psycholog- ical factors. These may include a general problem such as depression, anxiety, or dissatisfaction with her romantic partner

74
Q

Female orgasmic disorder

-cause?

A

experiences sexual excitement, but she does not reach orgasm. The diagnosis of female orgasmic disorder should be applied only if a woman is currently unhappy about her sexual experience

  • women who are accustomed to inhibiting their sexual impulses have difficulty overcoming their inhibitions, even in a relationship where sex is approved. Many women may not have orgasms because their partners do not provide appropriate stimulation
  • Unfortunately, female orgasmic disorder is a relatively common sexual problem
75
Q

How do gender roles contribute to sexual disorders? 3

A

a heterosexual relationship is typically an unequal playing field, with the man having more power

  1. Many people believe that a man should be sexual and aggressive, whereas a woman doesn’t need to enjoy sexual activity
  2. Our culture emphasizes the length, strength, and endurance of a man’s penis. When a man focuses on these issues, he probably won’t think about how to make the romantic and sexual interactions pleasurable for his partner
  3. Physical attractiveness is emphasized more for females than for males, and so a woman may focus on her physical appearance, rather than on her own sexual pleasure
76
Q

Birth control

  • no birth control
  • non traditional (2)
A

If a sexually active woman uses no form of birth control whatsoever, she has an estimated 85% chance of becoming pregnant within 1 year

-abstinence is the only method of birth control that is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy

(1) withdrawal (removal of the penis before ejaculation) and
(2) the rhythm method, also known as natural family planning (intercourse only when a woman is least fertile).
- These methods are not listed because their effectiveness is unacceptably low

77
Q

emergency contraception

A

hormone pills that prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and by producing other changes in the cervix and the uterus (Plan b)
*not abortion bc it prevents pregnancy

78
Q

Who uses birth control?

  • hetero women
  • 5
A

Many heterosexual women who are sexually active use either an unreliable birth control method (such as withdrawal or rhythm) or no contraception at all.

  1. Social class. Women from the middle and upper socioeconomic classes are more likely to use birth control
  2. Ethnicity. In the United States, birth control use is higher for European American women and Asian women than for Latina women and Black women
  3. Level of education. Women who have had at least some college education are somewhat more likely
  4. Feminist beliefs. Female students who consider themselves to be feminists are more likely than nonfeminist female students to engage in safer sex behavior
  5. Personality characteristics. Research on adolescents shows that young women are more likely to use contraceptives if they have high self-esteem and if they dislike taking risks
79
Q

Birth control methods (6)

A
  1. Abstinence
  2. Tubal sterilization (severing
    of female’s fallopian tubes)
  3. Vasectomy (surgery to pre-
    vent passage of male’s sperm)
  4. Oral contraceptives (synthetic
    hormones taken by woman)
  5. Condom (sheath placed on penis)
  6. Diaphragm and spermicidal cream
80
Q

What are some of the common obstacles to using birth control? -7

A
  1. Parents and educators often avoid discussing birth control with young people because they “don’t want to give them any ideas.”
  2. Some young women cannot obtain contraceptive services or products, so they use less reliable forms of birth control. Some have no health insurance
  3. Many young women have sexual intercourse without much planning.
  4. People may not think rationally about the consequences of sexual activity. For example, sexually inexperienced women often believe that they themselves are not likely to become pregnant during intercourse A survey of adolescents in the United States revealed another example of irrational thinking. Specifi- cally, 67% of adolescent females in this sample reported that they use condoms “all the time.” However, only 50% of these same young women said that they had used condoms during the last time they had sexual intercourse
  5. Traditional women believe that if they were to obtain contraception, they would be admitting to themselves that they planned to have intercourse and are therefore not “nice girls.” In fact, college students down- grade a woman who is described as providing a condom before sexual intercourse
  6. People often believe that birth control devices will interrupt the lovemaking mood
  7. Many young women are forced to have sexual intercourse, often with a much older man
81
Q

Which gender typically has more permissive attitudes about sex?

A

Men

82
Q

Does a sexual double standard still exist? Know the Marks and Fraley (2005) study.

A

(The believe that pre- marital sex was more appropriate for men than for women)
-The participants in both samples gave a lower rating to a person who had 19 sexual partners, com- pared to a person who had zero sexual partners; regardless of gender

-Suppose that you discover some information about the sexual behavior of a 25-year-old unmarried person whom you know slightly. Items 1 through 4 provide information about four possible people. Rate the person in terms of this person’s moral values.

83
Q

What are sexual scripts

A

are social norms for sexual behavior

84
Q

What is men’s typical sexual script? Women’s? Describe two violations of these scripts as we discussed in class.

A

men are the initiators; women either resist or comply
- women who want to have sex may feel like they need to use token resistance (“no i shouldn’t”)

  1. women in egalitarian relationships feel free to initiate sex
  2. men may make unwanted sexual advances (rape)
85
Q

issues surrounding parents and sex education (3)

A
  1. Mothers usualy give the talk to their daughters;
  2. certain topics never disussed like sex and emotions;
  3. receive mixed messages
86
Q

what is a Comprehensive Model of sex education and is it effective?

A
  • address info, values, attitudes and emotion
  • strategies for informed choices
  • contraceptives
  • teens who participate in the program typically postpone sexual acts until they are older and have a lower pregnancy rate compared to those who use abstinence only
87
Q

issues surrounding sex education and the media -3

A
  1. Magazines narrowly defined sexual scripts
  2. Average adolescent witnesses about 2000 sexual acts per year in the media
  3. mixed messages that women are a combo of innoncene and seductivvness
88
Q

8 predictors of early sexual experiences in adolescents?

A
  1. low self-esteem
  2. early puberty
  3. poor academic performance
  4. poor parent child relationships
  5. exposure to sexually explicit media
  6. poverty
  7. alcohol and drug use
  8. childhood sexual abuse
89
Q

3 issues regarding sexual behavior in heterosexual adolescents

A
  1. peer pressure encourages some teens to have sex
  2. many women describe negative first sexual experiences
  3. some women describe being coerced
90
Q

What are the gender comparisons for sexual desire?

  • sexual desire definition
  • 6 gender difss
A
  • defined as a need to engage in sexual activities, for either emotional or physical pleasure
    -gender differences in sexual desire are larger than most other psychological gender differences
    Compared to women men:
    (a) think about sex more frequently;
    (b) masturbate more often;
    (c) want sexual activities more frequently;
    (d) initiate sexual activities more frequently;
    (e) are more interested in sexual activities with- out a romantic commitment; and
    (f) prefer a greater number of sexual partners

PSY of Women (3 decks)

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