Exam 2

Question 1

habitat selection

Answer 1

behavioral “choice” of whether or not to live in certain places

Question 2

examples of habitat selection

Answer 2

Anopheles mosquitos and Palm warblers

Question 3

How can habitat selection be an evolved response?

Answer 3

It involves perceptual cues from the environment that organisms can interpret. The perception and evolution of neurophysiology mechanism (why it’s not necessarily a choice.)

Question 4

Experiment that accounts for predation

Answer 4

transplant and enclosure experiment (put treatment and control groups in cages which prevent predation)

Question 5

zonation

Answer 5

distribution of organisms in bands or regions along an environment gradient

Question 6

removal experiment

Answer 6

remove species from area and test the other species preference (ex: Desmognathus salamanders)

Question 7

biotic interactions that limit distribution

Answer 7

1. Predation
2. Disease and parasite
3. competition

Question 8

examples of disease and parasite

Answer 8

• Chesnut blight and blight (fungus)

- rabbits and myxoma virus in austraila

Question 9

examples of competition

Answer 9

• barnacles

- allelopathy and black walnut

Question 10

allelopathy

Answer 10

where organisms use chemicals to hinder other organisms (normally used by plants)

Question 11

chemical used by black walnuts

Answer 11

produces chemical hydroxyjuglone which prevent other plants from growing under the black walnut

Question 12

who completed the experiment on barnacles?

Answer 12

connell

Question 13

what are the two types of barnacles?

Answer 13

Balanus and chthalamus

Question 14

temperature (global pattern)

Answer 14

total annual isolation (total radiation of sun that hits the earth). Highest at the equator and lowest at poles. Geometry of beam on a sphere is the ultimate cause.

Question 15

temperature (daily temperature cycle)

Answer 15

Caused by Earth’s rotation. As it rotates, a given location is in sunlight then shielded by earth. It is the warmest during daylight bc earth rotates around it’s axis.

Question 16

temperature (seasonal temperature cycle)

Answer 16

Caused by tilt of Earth’s axis relative to plane of orbit around sin. The tilt is 23.5 away from perpendicular with respect to orbit plane.

Question 17

continental climates

Answer 17

Inland areas more variable in temperature than coastal areas. It is because land heats and cools faster than water. Land is made of earth, rock, and soil while water has a high specific heat capacity.

Question 18

lethal temperature

Answer 18

temps that kill the organisms, organisms dont survive those temperatures (critical temperatures)

Question 19

suboptimal temperature

Answer 19

Permits survival, but not reproduction. Operates to restrict geographically distribution. This is a more narrow range that lethal temperature.

Question 20

endothermy

Answer 20

ability to produce substantial amounts of metabolic heat (mammals and birds)

Question 21

ectothermy

Answer 21

cannot produce lots of metabolic heat (mast majority of humans)

Question 22

homeothermy

Answer 22

metabolic ability to control body temperature (temperature regulation that involves metabolic temperature regulation) ex: mammals and birds

Question 23

polkilothermy

Answer 23

inability to control body temperature metabolically (can use behaviors to control body temps, but cant do it metabolically)

Question 24

heterothermy

Answer 24

intermediate metabolisms (ex: tuna fish)

Question 25

Q10

Answer 25

factors by which reaction rates change per 10 degress C change in temperature (multiply if higher and divide if smaller)

Question 26

developmental time (degree*days)

Answer 26

Time for development expressed with relation to temperature. Ectotherm polkilotherms will develop faster at higher temperatures. Equation: Time = time (average ambient temp- threshold temp for development)

Question 27

how to demonstrate temperature limitation

Answer 27

1. determine most sensitive phase of life cycle
2. determine range of tolerances during this phase
3. Correlate microclimate, tolerance, and distribution data
4. establish cause and effect by experimental manipulation

Question 28

hadley cell

Answer 28

pattern of air movement sets up air cells

Question 29

monsoon seasons

Answer 29

june- north

december- south

Question 30

demography

Answer 30

study of vital statistics (e.g. birth rate, death rate) that affect a population’s size (graunts idea)

Question 31

survivorship

Answer 31

the age based pattern of survival

Question 32

fecundity

Answer 32

age based reproductive output (ecological concept)

Question 33

fertility

Answer 33

capacity to breed (physiological concept)

Question 34

life table

Answer 34

age based tabular summary of mortality in a population

Question 35

fecundity schedule

Answer 35

age based tabular summary of reproductive output of a population

Question 36

cohort life table

Answer 36

follow single cohort from birth to death

Question 37

cohort

Answer 37

group born in the same short time interval

Question 38

Nx (vital statistic)

Answer 38

number of individuals alive at start of age interval x

Question 39

Lx (vital statistic)

Answer 39

proportion of the original cohort surviving to start of stage or age interval x (lx=Nx/No)

Question 40

survivorship statistic

Answer 40

proportional to the percent of individuals that survive to a given age

Question 41

Dx (vital statistic)

Answer 41

proportion of the orginal cohort dying during stage or age interval. equation is dx= (Nx-Nx+1)/No

Question 42

mortality statistic

Answer 42

reflects overall magnitude of mortality associated with a given interval

Question 43

qx (vital statistic)

Answer 43

proportion of individuals entering stage x that die in stage or age interval x. equation is qx= (Nx-Nx+1)/Nx

Question 44

age based probability of mortality

Answer 44

age or intensity of mortality