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Physiology 2- Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

which coricospinal tract fibers from the ventral corticospinal tract?

A

ipsilateral fibers

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2
Q

what corticospinal tracts have ipsilateral fibers

A

ventral corticospinal tract, reticulospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract

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3
Q

what corticospinal tracts have contralateral fibers

A

lateral corticospinal tract, rubrospinal tract, and tectospinal tract

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4
Q

what percentage of corticospinal tract fibers originate from areas behind the central sulcus, including primary somatosensory cortex?

A

40%

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5
Q

What percentage of corticospinal tract fibers originate from areas in front of the central sulcus?

A

60%- inculding both primary motor cortex (30%) and premotor and supplemental areas (30%)

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6
Q

greater than half of the primary motor cortex is devoted to control of what?

A

hands and speech

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7
Q

a stroke that lesions the posterior limb of the internal capsule would be associated with loss of what?

A

sensation and voluntary movement

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8
Q

high brain stem lesion leads to

A

spasticity

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9
Q

middle brain stem lesion leads to

A

rigidity

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10
Q

low brain stem lesion leads to

A

flaccidity

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11
Q

which brainstem area that receives stimulation from the vestibular nuclei and transmits excitority signals to stimulate the axial trunk and extensor muscles that support the body against gravity?

A

pontine reticular nuclei

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12
Q

which brainstem area that receives stimulation from the cortex and red nucleus and transmits inhibitory signals to counterbalance excitatory signals from the pontine reticular nuclei?

A

Medullary reticular nuclei

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13
Q

with regards to postural control, if descending cortical signals are blocked, what is the expected result?

A

increased extensor tone

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14
Q

what is the function of a dynamic signal from pyramidal cells to alpha motor neurons?

A

initiation of skeletal muscle contraction

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15
Q

what is the function of a static signal from pyramidal cells to alpha motor neurons?

A

maintain muscle contraction after initiation has occurred

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16
Q

Statements about postural reflexes

A

impossible to separate from voluntary movements
maintain body in up-right balanced position
maintain stable postural background for voluntary movement
adjustments include both static reflexes and phasic reflexes
can be altered with training

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17
Q

as the neck is rotated to the left, what is true about extensor and flexors.

A

extensors are facilitated on the left, and flexors are facilitated on the right

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18
Q

flexion of the neck will facilitate limb flexors

A

bilaterally

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19
Q

extension of the neck will facilitate limb extensors

A

bilaterally

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20
Q

at the onset of clockwise rotation (to the right), what would you expect happens in the VIII CN on the left side?

A

decrease firing rate

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21
Q

after 20 clockwise (to the right) rotations with the eyes closed on a revolving stool, the subject is abruptly stopped and the eyes are opened, what is observed?

A

lateral nystagmus with the slow component clockwise

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22
Q

when supine, head tilt is best detected by what?

A

saccule

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23
Q

when upright, head tilt is best dected by what?

A

utricle

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24
Q

signals from neck proproceptors typically _____ signals from the vestibular apparatus as the head and neck are rotated and have _____ effects on limb flexion and extension.

A

oppose, opposite

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25
Q

backward sway sequence

A

tibialis, quadriceps, abdominals

26
Q

forward sway sequence

A

gastrocnemius, hamstrings, paraspinals

27
Q

what would happen to a receptive simple stretch reflex, if the muscle contracts it destabilizes posture?

A

it would be inhibited

28
Q

what would happen to a receptive simple stretch reflex, if the muscle contracts it stabilizes posture?

A

it would be facilitated

29
Q

what 3 spinal tracts did we talk about

A

spinocerebellar, nigralstriatal, and rubrospinal

30
Q

what spinal tract had reciprocal inhibition

A

nigralstriatal (domapine and gaba)

31
Q

which basal ganglia circuit plays a major role in cognitive control of motor activity?

A

caudate circuit

32
Q

which basal ganglia circuit has subconscious execution of learned patterns of movement?

A

putamen circuit

33
Q

one sense of upright is generally a combination of cues that include both _____ and ______ information?

A

visual and vestibular

34
Q

what effect does the striatum have on the substancia nigra?

A

inhibitory GABA projections

35
Q

what effect does substancia nigra have on the striatum?

A

inhibitory dopamine projections

36
Q

which area acts as a comparator, comparing intention with actual motor performance and can effect the cerebellum via climbing fiber input?

A

inferior olivary nucleus

37
Q

strong stimulation of one climbing fiber would elicit ?

A

complex action potential from a few purkinje cells

38
Q

strong stimulation of one mossy fiber would elicit ?

A

simple action potential many purkinje cells

39
Q

spontaneous & continuous writhing movements (athetosis) is associated with a lesion where?

A

globus pallidus

40
Q

sudden violent flailing movements of a limb (Hemiballismus) is associated with a lesion where?

A

subthalamus

41
Q

sflickering movements in hands and face (chorea) is associated with a lesion where?

A

putamen

42
Q

rigidity, anakinesia, resting tremors (parkinsons) is associated with a lesion where?

A

substantia nigra

43
Q

a patient presents with a resting tremor, lead pipe rigidity in the extremities. voluntary movements are accurate but slow. where is the lesion found?

A

Basal ganglia (substantia nigra)

44
Q

a patient presents with ataxia, upon examination they are unable to perform rapid alternating movements, and unable to check movements (rebound) of the right arm. where is a lesion likely to be found?

A

right side of cerebellum

45
Q

Long pathway

A

corticopontocerebellorubrothalamocorticospinal

46
Q

the ventral spinocerebellar tract gains access to the cerebellum primarily via what peduncle?

A

superior

47
Q

the dorsal spinocerebellar tract gains access to the cerebellum primarily via what peduncle?

A

inferior

48
Q

the primary pontocerebellar tracts gains access to the cerebellum primarily via what peduncle?

A

middle

49
Q

if you administer yohimbine (an alpha2 receptor blocker)and then stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, what effect do you expect on the amount of norepinephrine released?

A

increased

50
Q

what is associated with a mass SNS discharge?

A

increased arterial pressure, heart rate, blood glucose metabolism, glycolysis in liver and muscle, muscle strength, mental activity, rate of blood coagulation
and decreased blood flow to visceral organs/ tissue

51
Q

denervation supersensivity is likely associated with

A

up regulation of receptors by the target tissue

52
Q

what is the effect of the SNS stimulation on most vascular smooth muscle?

A

constrict

53
Q

inhibitory motor neurons from the myenteric plexus release what neurotransmitters?

A

dynorphin & vasoactive intestinal peptide

54
Q

excitatory motor neurons from the myenteric plexus release what neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine & substance P

55
Q

a patient presents with a slight ptosis of the left eye, but the right pupil appears dilated compared to the left, and they report that the left side of their face never sweats. what is your opinion doctor?

A

interruption of the left sympathetic supply to the face

56
Q

in primary cultures of postganglionic SNS neurons, what inhibits the release of norepinephrine?

A

nitric oxide and GABA

57
Q

If there is a facilitated spinal segment at T6. what would you expect when 3kg of pressure is applied to the spinous process at T10 which is not a state of segmental facilitation?

A

exaggerated response in adjacent paraspinal muscles only at T6

58
Q

how much pressure can be applied to a normal vertebrae eliciting only a minimal response in the adjacent paraspinal muscles?

A

7kg

59
Q

the CNS coordinated host defense activity

A

true

60
Q

______ has equal affinity for both alpha and beta

A

norepinephrine

61
Q

______ has a greater affinity for beta compared to alpha

A

epinephrine

Physiology 2- Exam 2 (1 decks)

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