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Pediatrics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

laryngotracheobronchitis

A

viral croup; inflammation of the upper airway, caused by RSV or influenza

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2
Q

laryngotracheobronchitis s/s

A
  • barking cough

- may be in respiratory distress - stridor, retractions, nasal flaring, decrease O2

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3
Q

what kind of isolation should a child with laryngotracheobronchitis be on?

A

droplet precautions

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4
Q

med of choice for laryngotracheobronchitis

A

dexamethasone - long-acting steroid, decreases inflammation

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5
Q

interventions for laryngotracheobronchitis

A
  • elevate HOB
  • cool mist humidifier (or walk outdoors)
  • oxygen if necessary
  • monitor for respiratory distress
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6
Q

epiglottitis

A
  • bacterial croup; inflammation of the epiglottis, caused by Hib
  • emergent!
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7
Q

epiglottitis s/s

A
  • tripodding

- 4 D’s: dysphonia, dysphagia, dyspnea, drooling

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8
Q

interventions for epiglottitis

A
  • NPO!
  • airway tray ready
  • antibiotics and fluids
  • pulse-ox
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9
Q

bronchiolitis

A

inflammation of the bronchioles, caused by RSV

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10
Q

bronchiolitis s/s

A

tachypnea, wheezing, coughing, rhinorrhea, sneezing, retractions, nasal flaring

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11
Q

interventions for bronchiolitis

A
  • positioning
  • suctioning
  • oxygen
  • no antibiotics or cough suppressants
  • motrin, fluids
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12
Q

pneumonia

A

infection and inflammation of alveoli, caused by virus, bacteria, or aspiration

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13
Q

pneumonia s/s

A
  • fever (less than 5 days for viral)
  • cough
  • tachypnea
  • crackles and decreased breath sounds
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14
Q

interventions for pneumonia

A
  • chest PT
  • lay on affected side
  • oxygen
  • meds - antipyretics, antibiotics if bacterial
  • monitor for dehydration
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15
Q

cystic fibrosis

A
  • a multisystem autosomal recessive trait disorder

- overproduction of mucous in respiratory, GI, and reproductive systems

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16
Q

cystic fibrosis diagnosis

A

positive newborn screen, confirmed w/ sweat chloride test

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17
Q

cystic fibrosis s/s

A

coughing, clubbing, barrel chest, intestinal obstruction, frothy/foul-smelling stool

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18
Q

interventions for cystic fibrosis

A
  • chest PT (vest)

- high-caloric, high-protein diet

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19
Q

asthma

A

chronic airway inflammation

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20
Q

asthma s/s

A

dyspnea, wheezing, chest tightness, non-productive cough, tachypnea, hypoxia, prolonged expiration

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21
Q

meds for asthma

A
  • albuterol - short-acting beta-2 agonist
  • budesonide (Pulmocort), fluticasone (Flovent) - inhaled corticosteroids
  • prednisone - systemic corticosteroids
22
Q

atrial septal defect

A

wall defect between right and left atria, which allows left to right shunting

23
Q

blood flow in ASD

A

oxygenated blood moves from left atrium to right atrium –> less oxygenated blood pumped out to body, more blood in pulmonary circulation

24
Q

ASD s/s

A

dyspnea, easily fatigued, systolic murmur at pulmonic region

25
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

wall defect between right and left ventricles, which allows left to right shunting

26
Q

VSD s/s

A

tachypnea, dyspnea, easily fatigued, systolic murmur at lower left sternal border, CHF

27
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

narrowing of descending aorta, causing decreased blood flow to lower extremities

28
Q

coarctation of the aorta s/s

A

cold feet, cramping of lower extremities, lower BP and diminished pulses in lower extremities, exercise intolerance, dyspnea

29
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

4 defects which create right to left shunting:

  • VSD
  • pulmonic stenosis
  • overriding aorta
  • right ventricular hypertrophy
30
Q

blood flow in TOF

A

deoxygenated blood shifts from right to left due to resistance at pulmonary artery (stenosis) –> deoxygenated blood gets pumped out to body

31
Q

TET spells

A
  • caused by crying, stooling, feeding - heart works harder, causes hypoxia, pallor, tachypnea
  • relieve by pulling knees to chest or sitting in squatting position
32
Q

TOF s/s

A
  • TET spells
  • clubbing
  • systolic murmur at pulmonic region
33
Q

interventions for TOF

A
  • prostaglandins to keep PDA open until surgical intervention
  • teaching about TET spells - s/s, relieving, preventing
34
Q

transposition of the great arteries

A

aorta rises from right ventricle, pulmonary artery rises from left ventricle - two closed circulatory pathways

35
Q

TGA s/s

A

cyanosis, hypoxia, poor feeding, failure to thrive, stroke

36
Q

treatment for TGA

A
  • keep PDA open with prostaglandins
  • need an another anomaly to survive - ASD, VSD, PDA
  • surgery to switch arteries and correct anomaly
37
Q

hypoplastic left heart syndrome

A

small thick left ventricle - inability to adequately pump blood through aorta

38
Q

6 anomalies in HLHS

A
  • stenotic mitral valve (between left atrium and ventricle)
  • stenotic aortic valve
  • hypoplastic left ventricle
  • hypoplastic ascending aorta
  • coarctation of aorta
  • ASD
39
Q

blood flow in HLHS

A

almost no blood can enter left ventricle –> blood backs up into left atrium, unable to pump blood to body

40
Q

HLHS s/s

A

tachypnea, increased work of breathing, cyanosis, poor peripheral perfusion, CHF

41
Q

HLHS treatment

A
  • need heart transplant eventually
  • keep PDA open with prostaglandins
  • lifelong transplant medications
42
Q

rheumatic fever

A
  • systemic inflammatory disease with heart and joint involvement
  • caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection (strep throat)
43
Q

rheumatic fever major criteria (5)

A
  • multiple joint involvement
  • carditis - new murmur, pericardial friction rub, EKG changes, tachycardia
  • chorea
  • erythema marginatum - macular rash
  • subcutaneous nodules (on flexor surfaces)
44
Q

rheumatic fever minor criteria (4)

A
  • fever
  • arthralgia
  • elevated ESR/CRP, decreased RBC
  • prolonged PR or QT interval
45
Q

rheumatic fever treatment

A
  • aspirin
  • prednisone
  • bedrest until ESR normalizes
46
Q

Kawasaki’s disease

A

vasculitis affecting many systems; inflammatory process of the arteries

47
Q

Kawasaki’s disease stage 1 s/s

A
  • fever longer than 5 days
  • conjunctivitis
  • dried lips/mucous membranes, strawberry tongue
  • swelling of hands and feet
  • lymphadenopathy
48
Q

Kawasaki’s disease stage 2 s/s

A
  • fever resolves
  • irritable
  • anorexia
  • desquamation of hands/feet (skin peeling)
  • arthritis/arthralgia
  • CV issues - increased platelet count
49
Q

meds for Kawasaki’s disease

A

IVIG and aspirin to thin platelets

50
Q

interventions for Kawasaki’s disease

A
  • passive ROM exercises
  • bleeding precautions - gentle tooth-brushing
  • monitor for complications - aneurysm, bleeding, myocarditis
51
Q

CHF meds

A

digoxin, furosemide, ACE inhibitors

Pediatrics (2 decks)

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