Exam 2 Flashcards
Philip of Macedon
Father of Alexander the Great
He put Macedonia on the map as a force in Greek affairs
Spent most of his reign expanding macedonias power across Greek by diplomatic and naked force
Conquests amphipolis= controlled silver and gold = used as a tool and used money to reorganize his army into a force
His infantrymen were key to his military dominance
Launched a war against the Persian empire= sacred war
Philip was assassinated by bodyguard but speculation around his son Alex or olympias (his 4th wife) because he had a new wife cleopatra before his death who bore him a new son. AND Olympias and Alex went into exile out of jealousy.
Alexander the Great
Son of Philip and Olympias.
He was the successor of his father =olympias ordered philips wife and son to be burned alive so he could claim it.
He was taught logic and philosophy by Aristotle = culture brought to the areas he conquered
Conquered many land in short amount of time= Thebes, Persia, invasion of Middle East, city of tyre, Egypt, Athens, conquered as far as Indus River
In Egypt established his first city called Alexandria
Slaughtered, razed, and sold people into slavery
Men refused to go further from Indus. They were homesick and weary of Alex’s campaigning = rebelled
Later after troops were home he would conduct a speech to urge soldiers to fight more toward Arabian gulf. There was celebration but during it he fell ill and died.
Julius caesar
Ruled Republic of Rome as a part of 1st triumvirate ; with Crassus Pompey
Conquested Gaul. Invaded Britain.
Kept journal of his battlefield victories: commentaries these were circulated and helped his reputation.
This reputation would bring jealousy
Crossed rubicon river into Italy= civil war
Pressured senate into declaring him dictator for life. A conspiracy launched and Brutus and Cassius assassinated Caesar on ides of March.
They hoped it would restore Roman liberty but it sent Rome into war
Created gladiator games
Octavian (Augustus Caesar)
Part of 2nd triumvirate: Antony. Lepids and him.
Caesars grandnephew.
Antony was assigned governance of Rome and had an affair with Cleo this created strains with Octavian who’s sister Antony had married and then abandoned. And created wrath of senate.
Battle of actium: Octavian had senate declare war against Cleo and Antony a traitor. He defeated Antony.
Rewrote book of Roman governance= new imperial system and ruled as rome’s first emperor
Preferred princeps: first citizen. Didn’t want to be called king.
Pax Romana: ended romes years of war. Senate created peace of Agustus
Conquered Mediterranean Sea which became a superhighway. Stressed rule of law. Legal system= justice. Citizenship= unifying but unstable factor in empire.
Saint Paul
He was a hellenized jew active in persecutions of early christians.
But after Jesus death. He converted on the rode to tarsus. And wrote epistles of the New Testament. These established a common body of instruction and doctrine.
Established himself as leader of spreading faith.
Spread doctrine outside of Jewish life
Paul broke Jewish traditions = kosher and other restrictions not important. Circumsion was not neccassary.
Died in the new center of religion, Rome.
Diocletian
Solider from dalmatia.
Ended chaos of the barracks of emperors before him. Ended romes turmoil.
Introduced series of reforms. Address the size and succession of Rome.
Tetrarchy: split Rome into east and west. And each half would have 2 rulers.
Constantine
Founded Constantinople.
This new city had natural defenses= high cliffs and other side of city faced river= forts that made city virtually indestructible.
Convened bishops at the council of nicaea to resolve the situation between Arius (who was provoking church leaders) and Priests.
He intervened for political gain. It would help him define church state relations in east.
Huns
Swept into Black Sea area. = surrounding tribal world into chaos.
Havoc omg goths and Germanic tribes. Set in motion a chain of reactions of panic and flight.
Most famous leader atilla. Waged campaigns against peria empire. Then Roman lands of east. Invaded gaul. And Italy. And later his army was at Rome.
Battle of Adrianople
Visigoths rebeled Roman officers because they needed food and shelter but Rome insisted they were only fed if sold into slavery.
Marked first time in 600 years that a barbarian army defeated Rome. Emperor valen helped secure Visigoths.
Mecca and medina
Mecca= ruling tribe was quraysh. Holy site and site of pilgrimage for all tribes of Arabia. At center was holy shrine of kaba. Where muhmmad had his visions.
Medina=A small oasis community. Contained tribes that had fallen into fighting. Some heard of muhammads mission and called upon him to act as a magistrate. It was then that Muhammad left undercover from Mecca to medina
This departure is known as the Hijra. Is the starting point of islams dating system.
Muhammad
Founder of Islam.
Took Arab negativity from the environment and transform it into a sense of religious communion with a merciful and passionate god.
In moth of Ramadan had visions from angel Gabriel.
Message was around unity of god. And promise of salvation.
He fled from Mecca to medinah because tribesman called upon him to be a magistrate.
Brought the tribes of medina together and became an umma.
Battle of badr: war between quraysh and Muhammad forces. Had a major victory. This victory enhanced prestige among other Arab tribes.
His active diplomacy and continued MUSLIMS success in battle transformed community into military force.
Didn’t want bloodshed
Uthman
Successor of Muhammad after umar. Caliph.
Issued a standard written version of the Quran. He assigned a committee to the task of sorting the different variations into one. Some Muslims saw that as tampering with sacred transitions
His reputation was damaged after he was accused of being too lenient with family members and associates who were taking islams wealth privately.
He was asassinated
Charlemagne
Son of pepin. Ascended him. Ahs strength. And a powerful figure. Long reign 45 years.
Extended territorial boundaries of Frankish kingdom to many dimensions. Ranging from today’s France, German lands, and Italy.
One achievement was to build a court of Aachen. A center of culture.
Also conquered northern Spain, Spanish March which was a buffer between franks and Muslims.
Christmas Day. He was crowned emperor of the romans. This expressed fusion of transitions.
Promoted a revival in letters and learning. = carolingian renissance. Persevered books and works of art. He left his empire to his son Louis.
Developed Rome nationally.
