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Neuroscience > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the proximal section of the axon after injury to the axon?

A

Potential to survive, Central chromatolysis, cell body may die

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2
Q

what does the Alar plate become?

A

Inerneurons in sensory systems

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3
Q

Complications of reorganization

A

Referred sensations after amputation, neuroplasticity may contribute to chronic pain syndromes

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4
Q

Silent synapses

A

Synapses that are physically present but not active.

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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of human development in utero?

A

Pre-embryonic: setting up organ development
Embryonic:Making organ/body systems
Fetal: Getting large/maturing systems

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6
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

Internal organs

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7
Q

When do critical periods occur?

A

When neurons are dividing or competing for connections

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8
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Any change in the nervous system that is not periodic. How nervous system responds to injuries and changes in neuronal actiity

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9
Q

What happens with stroke patients when they practice tasks with affected extremity?

A

See motor improvements

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10
Q

What happens in the fetal stage?

A

Further development, myelination

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11
Q

Regrowth of axons after injury

A

Collateral sprouting

Regenerative sprouting

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12
Q

Potential problems during regeneration:

A

Synkinesis, confusion of sensory modalities

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13
Q

Why does the CNS have poor regeneration?

A

No Schwann cells creating NGF, Oligodendrocytes inhibit growth of neurons, incomplete cleanup of cellular debris by microglia

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14
Q

Sensory actions will be more medial or lateral to the midline?

A

Lateral

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15
Q

Effects of long-term potentiation

A

Increases in synaptic activity, effectiveness of neuron firing, synapses become more effective

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16
Q

Symptoms of Arnold-Chiari Type I

A

Often none

Can have headaches induced by coughing/straining, Possible hydrocephalus, CN dysfunction

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17
Q

What 3rd layer does the inner cell mass form 2nd in the middle?

A

Mesoderm

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18
Q

What does the caudal neuropore close and what happens if it doesn’t close?

A

Day 26

Spina bifida

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19
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

Dermis of the skin and nervous system

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20
Q

What structures does the Diencephalon include?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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21
Q

What structures does the Myelencephalon include?

A

Most of Medulla

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22
Q

What does the inside of the neural tube form?

A

Ventricular system

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23
Q

What are vesicles?

A

thickenings within the tube

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24
Q

How to use habituation

A

Use of techniques and exercises to decrease neural response to a stimulus

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25
Q

When do neurons differentiate?

A

Once they reach their location

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26
Q

Post-polio syndrome

A

Lose collateral sprouting

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27
Q

How do neurons migrate?

A

Sending out processes

Follow radial glia

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28
Q

Explain secondary neurulation

A

tube forms by hollowing out the interior of a solid precursor. Needed for sacral level of spinal cord.

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29
Q

When do infants see projections from the motor cortex to the spinal cord? (Babinski reflex)

A

2 yrs

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30
Q

Where is gray matter located in the cerebral cortex?

A

Inside

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31
Q

Recovery after injury affected by:

A

Age,

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32
Q

Denervation hypersensitivity

A

Damage to presynaptic terminals, postsynaptic cell loses synaptic outputs, produce more receptors to respond to neurotransmitters

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33
Q

What happens to brains that are outside the 1100-1700 range?

A

Below: not enough connections can be made
Above: Keeping both good and BAD connections

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34
Q

Habituation

A

Simplest form of learning, decreased response to repeated innocuous stimuli, involves changes in neurotransmitter release, is reversible

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35
Q

What are the 5 secondary vesicles developed in the 5th week?

A

Prosencephalon (Telencephalon, Diencephalon)
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon (Metencephalon, Myelencephalon)

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36
Q

Pre-embryonic stage

A

Making cells that are initially all the same; differentiate into inner cell mass and outer cell mass

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37
Q

What happens on Day 18 after fertilizatiojn?

A

Neural plate: thickening ectoderm

Groove forms in center of neural plate

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38
Q

Arnold-Chiari Type I

A

Herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum; small medulla/pons; Adolescence and early childhood

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39
Q

How neuroplasticity affects treatment of forced activity

A

Patient is forced to use the affected body part after and injury to the CNS

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40
Q

What stage does development of the nervous system happen in?

A

Embryonic stage

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41
Q

Functional regeneration of axons is much more prevalent in:

A

PNS

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42
Q

What does the basal plate become?

A

Lower motor neurons

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43
Q

Injury to the cell body responds in:

A

Severe=kill cell

Changes in remaining neurons can promote recovery after injury

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44
Q

Development of Telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres cover diencephalon–>C-shaped–>Insula covered by frontal and temporal lobes–>production of gyri and sulci (increase surface area)

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45
Q

Synkinesis

A

Motor neurons that are supposed to go to one set of muscles go to a different set of muscles. This usually solves itself.

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46
Q

What all happens on Day 26 after fertilization

A

Caudal neuropore closes
Mantle Layer: inside; gray matter
Marginal layer: outside; white matter

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47
Q

Unmasking of silent synapses

A

Injury to pathways in the brain can unmask silent synapses causing them to become function.
Ex. Person loses middle finger:

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48
Q

What makes something plastic?

A

Has an inherent structure that can change.

Ex. Glass, plastic

49
Q

What are critical periods?

A

Times during development that are crucial for normal development and outcomes

50
Q

Long-term memory requires:

A

Synthesis of new proteins and growth of new synaptic connections

51
Q

What happens on day 22 after fertilization?

A

folds grow up and toward each other,

Neural tube forms when folds touch and starts in future cervical region

52
Q

When does myelination begin and end?

A

4th fetal month, 3rd year of life

53
Q

Which nutrient is important for the neuropore to close?

A

Folic acid

54
Q

How are the different cell mass layers organized?

A

Outside: Ectoderm
Middle: Mesoderm
Inside: Endoderm

55
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles developed during the 4th week?

A

Prosencephalon: forebrain
Mesencephalon: midbrain
Rhombencephalon: hindbrain

56
Q

What are the neuropores?

A

Open ends of the neural tube,

If don’t close correctly, there will be neurological problems

57
Q

Effects of edema

A

Can occur after injury, pressure of cell body/axon/synaptic terminal, shuts them down but function returns when pressure goes away

58
Q

What structures does the Mesencephalon include?

A

Midbrain

59
Q

2 main stages of the development of the nervous system

A

Formation of the neural tube

Formation of the brain

60
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Occurs in hippocampus (important for processing verbal memory), repetitive stimulus increases response to stimulus

61
Q

Treatment for Arnold-Chiari Type I

A

No treatment if deficits are stable.

Removable of bone compression if progressing

62
Q

Describe axonal retraction between adulthood and development

A

Adults: muscle fibers supplied by 1 nerve
Development: Muscle fibers supplied by more than 1 nerve

63
Q

What cells clean up the degenerating neurons

A

Glial cells

64
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A

Musculoskeletal system

65
Q

What are neural crest cells?

A

Cells that separate during formation of neural tube.

Forms neurons, glia, non-neuronal cells

66
Q

Central chromatolysis

A

Dissolution of Nissl substances in cell body; breaking down color

67
Q

Collateral sprouting

A

Denervated target is reinnervated by branches of intact axons

68
Q

Role of astrocytes in long-term potentiation

A

Changes shape in response to stimulation,

69
Q

Why could constraint therapy work?

A

Learned helplessness

70
Q

Where are cell bodies of sensory neurons of somatic nervous system?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

71
Q

What did Nudo (1996) find?

A

Animals allowed to rest after lesion. Lesion expands slightly. After 5 days, used movement which decreased the size of the lesion.

72
Q

Synaptic hypereffectiveness

A

Damaging some axon branches, Neurotransmitter distributed to less presynaptic terminals

73
Q

Factors that can influence neuroplasticity

A

Overstimulation: increase release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
Understimulation: cortex more sensitive to weak stimuli
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Nerve growth factor

74
Q

What are neuronal and glial derivatives of neural crest cells

A

Sensory neurons of somatic nervous system and of some cranial nerves, Schwann cells of PNS, postganglionic neurons of ANS

75
Q

What happens with excitotoxicity?

A

Ischemia/TBI, release of large amounts of glutamate, NMDA receptors, Ca influx which can kills neurons, extension of lesion

76
Q

What 2 layers does the inner cell mass form 1st?

A

Ectoderm

Endoderm

77
Q

When does the Rostral neuropore close and what happens if it doesn’t close?

A

Day 24

Anencephaly: front brain doesn’t develop

78
Q

What happens when growth cone reaches its targets?

A

Vesicles are produced, synapses are formed

79
Q

What 2 diseases is BDNF used to treat?

A

Local treatment PD, protecting motor neurons in pts with ALS

80
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

Degeneration of distal part of a cut axon

81
Q

What structures does the Metencephalon include?

A

Cerebellum

Most of pons

82
Q

Regenerative sprouting

A

the target and axon are both damaged, causing the target to die. The injured axon sends out collaterals to new targets.

83
Q

Adult neuroanatomy terms to describe structures

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon (of Prosencephalon)

Mesencephalon

84
Q

Neuroimaging techniques

A

Initial stages: large and diffuse areas of brain involved
Repetition: decrease in brain regions active
Task learned: small, distinct regions of brain show activity during performance

85
Q

Why functional regeneration is more prevalent in PNS

A

Schwann cells making Nerve growth factor (NGF) that facilitate regeneration
Factors in the CNS inhibit regeneration

86
Q

chemicals important for the unmasking of silent synapses

A

NMDA receptors, Ca ions, Neurotrophins (growth factors), Substance P, nitric oxide, Changes in Na ion channels

87
Q

What does the outer cell mass form?

A

Placenta

88
Q

Changes in synapses after injury

A

Edema, hypersensitivity, hypereffectiveness, silent synapses

89
Q

What can happen if there is understimulation of sensory pathways?

A

Promote axonal growth to increase stimulation

90
Q

What structures does the Telencephalon include?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Basal ganglia

91
Q

What is muscle fiber type dependent on?

A

Nerves

92
Q

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

A

Supports survival of sensory neurons, basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons

93
Q

What degenerative changes will the postsynaptic cell show during injury to the axon?

A

Trans-synaptic degeneration, cell death depending on importance of lost inputs

94
Q

Which injury is recovery best with?

A

Crush injury

95
Q

Mechanism of Long-term potentiation

A

Silent synapses–>active synapses, postsynaptic membrane remodeled to form new dendritic spines and synapses

96
Q

What diseases do NGF help treat?

A

protect cholinergic neurons in Alzheimers, diabetic neuropathy, chemo-induced neuropathies

97
Q

Injury to the axon responds in:

A

Degenerative changes but may not kill cell, 2 ends will seal (distal section will degenerate)

98
Q

Changes in Somatotopic map of cerebral cortex

A

Expands or decreases laterally depending on which body parts are being used more or injury.
Ex. Amputations, deaf have increase peripheral vision, blind people and braille

99
Q

What is a growth cone?

A

Move towards attractants, away from chemicals until it reaches its target

100
Q

What does the inner cell mass form?

A

Embryo

101
Q

Functional reorganization of cerebral cortex

A

Specific parts of body mapped onto cerebral cortex;

Ex. More surface of brain would go to lips than the back d/t lips needing more sensation/fine control

102
Q

What did Kozlowski (1996) find?

A

Animals forced to use affected body part. Lesion increased in size, caused long-term behavioral deficits

103
Q

Types of neuroplasticity

A

Habituation (normal life), learning and memory (normal), recovery from injury (pathology)

104
Q

Arnold-Chiari Type II

A

Malformation of brainstem and cerebellum, extend through foramen magnum; Infancy

105
Q

Symptoms of Arnold-Chiari Type II

A

Progressive hydrocephaly, SCM paralysis, Deafness, weakness of lateral eye movements and facial muscles

106
Q

Edema and PT

A

Immediately after injury, loss of function

Function can return after edema resolves

107
Q

In the PNS, what glial cells will clean up degenerating neurons?

A

Schwann Cells

108
Q

What is the purpose of NGF?

A

May promote neuroplasticity

109
Q

Motor actions will be more medial or lateral to the midline?

A

Medial

110
Q

Give an example of a disease associated with sprouting

A

Polio

111
Q

Describe the pontine flexure

A

As flexure forms, walls of neural tube split apart. Separates hindbrain into 2 parts: Metancephalon and Myencephalon

112
Q

Describe Cerebral Palsy

A

Non-progressive and permanent injury to the brain that is defined by motor and postural impairments

113
Q

Spasticity

A

Velocity-dependent resistance to stretch; damaged neurons next to ventricles in cerebral cortex; may be seen as toe walking or scissor gait

114
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Involuntary movement; damage in basal ganglia; may see dystonia

115
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of coordination; damage to cerebellum; tremors

116
Q

Hypotonia

A

Reduced muscle tone

117
Q

Rigidity

A

Resistance to passive stretch

118
Q

Neuronal death

A

Neurons overproduce, compete for limited number of target; neurons that don’t make connections die

119
Q

Growing into deficit

A

Impairment will become observed as impaired systems become functional

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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