Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Spanish-American War
A
- Cuba restarts war for independence in 1895
- Cuba large army mixed race successful at taking over countryside
- US public outraged at violation of human rights by Spain
- US sent troops off coast of Havana where there was an explosion on boat
- US thought it was Spain; “Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain”
- War waged but not until after Teller Amendment passed saying US would not take over Cuba
- US acquired Philipenes
- Splended little war
- US occupied until 1902
- Negotiated Treaty of Paris w/out participation of Cuba
2
Q
Platt Amendment
A
- US says that in Cuba’s constitution or Platt Amendment Cubans would give US right to send troops into Cuba at anytime there is a fear of instabiliity
- Makes it illegal to make treaties with foreign powers
- US gets first foreign naval base
- Cuba says they dont want this but US says they will just occupy until they agree
Remains protectorit until 1930s - gets undone by noninterference in Good Neighbor Policy
3
Q
Banana Republic
A
- Bananas were super important to Central American economy
- The phrase comes from a collection of short stories from writer named “O. Henry” who was on the lamb from the law in Austin, Tx. He went down to Honduras where he could not be extradited because US didn’t have an agreement with Honduras; he had been there for years and he returned to US and became a famous short story writer and set them in an imaginary Central American country and says it is a banana republic
- US refer to these countries as Banana Republics because of how important they were to them
- Places like Honduras: Bananas ; Guatemala: coffee and Cuba: Sugar
4
Q
Roosevelt Corollary
A
- Theodore Roosevelt decided to send a message to US congress in December 1904 declaring that the US is the Policeman for the Western Hemisphere
- Whenever a country was not paying debts or unstable, US was promising to send troops in and fix it
- New interpretation of Monroe Doctrine
- FDR with his with his Good Neighbor policy
5
Q
Panama Canal
A
- People had strong ideas about this in US; realized necessity of building
- Teddy Roosevelt chose panama:The columbian senate turns it down
- US then covertly helps the Panamanians declare independence (becomes independent in 1903 with little effort from US)
- US then sends troops in to keep Columbians from reasserting their power over Panama
- Representative of French canal company that failed in 1880s; Frenchman on behalf of Panamanians, signs treaty with US that allows them 10 mi canal and protection of canal; in perpetuity a “zone” of US influence in sovereign nation
- US now had territory that it could determine was necessary to defend canal and now claims the right in Panamanian affairs if there seems to be a threat to the canal; Panama changes a lot; heavy US presence in Panama, and also because of evolution of TR thinking of what US role should be in inter-american relations
- takes 10 years to finish
- The US dismanted the Panamain army and created the national police in 1904 and eventually becomes involved in supervising elections
- the building of the canal was and international endeavor
- it brought people from all over the world especially Afro-Caribbean
- America set up gold and silver roles bc they thought there were different jobs for different people
- Europeans were brought in for management and paid for with Gold ; brought ideas with them
- After it was built immigrants left
- Mestizo nationalism was one impact
6
Q
National Guard
A
-There was a move away from intervention during Hoover’s presidency with critique of US policeman role :
US organized and trained a national guard that was going to keep order after they left in Dominican Republic
When US began to create national guard Rafael Trujillo became a general in national army and led an uprising and seized power; Hoover Admin does nothing to prevent him from coming into power; stays in power for 31 years longer than anyone in the 20th cent in western hemisphere
- Creation of national Guard in Nicaragua; combination of police army constabulary that would keep order after the US left
- Most marine officers worked with training these people
- Suppose to be a not political organization
- Created to monitor elections
- US hoped this would make it into a democracy
- The elections had under it were the most honest
- US determined to restore politcal class that had been running things
- By the time US left it was led by Anastasio Somoza Garcia
- It has been said that US put Trujillo and Somoza in power
7
Q
Good Neighbor Policy
A
- Implemented by Franklin Delano Roosevelt in attempts to get Latin Americans on his side
States 3 things
1. Non-intervention : the troops were going to come home; no new occupations in a negative kind of way in Latin America
2. Non-interference : US would not interfere with US affair in Latin America (gets rid of Platt Amendment)
3. Reciprocity (most important; the US under the reciprocal trade agreement act of 1934 gave US authorization to go to countries and sign reciprocal trade agreements; you make it easy for us to see you our goods and for you to sell us your goods; wanted this because it was the GD and trade had depreciated tremendously - Latin Americas response: all countries that had signed with trade agreements sided with US on WWII; they had been trying to get these promises for a long time; not all results were uniformly positive ex: what happened in Nicaragua with creation of national guard as had it had done in Dominican republic
8
Q
PEMEX
A
- Foreign nationals in Mexico were mistreating Mexican workers who worked for US and British owned oil companies and Mex gov said they needed to pay them more
- US and Britain multi-nation companies ignored and did not follow the ruling
- Cardenas Pres of Mexico at time
- Thought that Mexican Soverignty was being challanged because ruling was being ignored by foreign nations
- Sent in troops and took over foreign oil companies/ seized all their assets and declared PEMEX- state owned oil company that would now opporate using all the facilities created by Britain and US companies; Companies pissed off and were pressuring FDR to send in troops but he believed in mediation and refused to interviene and punish mexico
- 1943 agreement reached: some compensation for foreign oil companies; US didn’t respond in the way that Latin Americans thought but stuck to Good Neighbor policy
9
Q
Trampoline to Victory
A
- Brazil was developing very strong relations with Nazi Germany
- US was concerned because US and Germany were the two main traders with Brazil ; competition
- Estado Navo established by Getulio Vargas : shut down congress and created gov with support of german and seemed very facists; Nazis certain they had won ; important to keep in mind how uninterested US was in getting involved again in War with Europe
- US was devoted to neutralism
Location: its really big and the closest place in Western Hemisphere to Africa; most of the war was being fought in North Africa
Soviet and germans were fighting in Europe - US needed to get people to and goods across the Atlantic and would fly its troops to
Caribbean and refuel and go to Brazilian coast - US needed air base on coast of Brazil
- Trampoline to Victory: in city of Natal; US bounced people and goods off the coast of Brazil and to Africa
- Without the Trampoline to Victory supply problems in 1942 and 1943 would have been unsurmountable
10
Q
Volta Redonda
A
- Brazil had a dream of modernization to have a steel plant
- This meant they were a modern country
- US government encourages US steel to consider building a steel plant in Brazil
- Go down there and say nah we’ve thought about this before
- Brazil isnt the place for a steel plant
- Germans are negotiating with Brazil with economic help and this upsets US
- US says they will help Brazil create a steel plant by giving them a 20 million dollar lown and other resources
-Called Volta Redonda
Location in Rio de Janeiro - Symbolic location of abondoned coffee plantations
- Proves that brazil had moved on from days that Brazil just a coffee exporter
- Now a modern country with steel
- US wants Brazil on their side so provides funding fo rsatte owned company which they are against
- Supporting exonomic nationalism in Brazil because of WWII, US winning Brazil support
11
Q
Brazilian Expeditionary Force
A
- Brazil became most important ally of US in WWII
- Vargas convinced he didn’t just want to be a supplier at the air base and didn’t want to be a recipient of aid, he wanted Brazil to be taken seriously in war so he wanted Brazil to fight
- Us in thought they were inepereienced and were reluctant to agree; agree for diplomatic reasons
- Brazil becomes biggest fans US has in Western Hemisphere
- US provides the most aid and materials to Brazil more than any other country
Agreed US was allowed to create Brazilian Expeditionary force - Brazil went and fought in Europe
Hitler said it would only happen when snakes learn how to smoke - When this force was created, they developed a patch they put on their uniforms of a smoking cobra
12
Q
Jones Act
A
1917
In middle of WWI when US wasn’t involved yet, US passes the Jones Act that says PR are citizens of the US and they have been ever sense. Governor would still be appointed by the US who would never be a PR.
13
Q
Teddy Roosevelt
A
- Took lessons from the Spanish American war and puts them into practice
- From wealthy Dutch background from New York
- Grandfather millionair from real-estate
- His father taught himself that he needed to challange himself
- Had a home gym and was determined to making himself into a manly man
- Politician and reformist
- Lost wife and kids in a fire
- Moved out west and became rancher /historian
- Greatly believed in Anglo-American role of civiizing backward peoples
- Hoped for imperial role of US
- Assistant secretary of the navy firmly believed in modernizing the Navy
- Very against Mckinly for not going to war with spain
- He wanted to go to war and felt he missed this opportunity
- Became the governor of new york and then was VP for Mckinely
- TR becomes youngest president in history after mckinley’s assasination
- Becomes enthusiastic supporter of empire building and beleived that US should expand its powers in some way
14
Q
Baron of Rio Branco
A
-Became known as “Jose Maria da Silva Paranhos “Juca”
-Top foreign minister
-Was head of Brazilian state department for 10 years 1902-1912
-Important bc you had presidents coming and going, but he stayed there
-While he was a foreign minister her began to reorient Brazils focus
-London had always been the most important but the Baron began to change all of that
-Was very active in wooing the US and wanted them to recognize Brazil’s interest
As soon as Panama declared independence from Colombia, Brazil was first to recognize this
-They began to approve of the Roosevelt Corollary
-Embraced deal that US played policeman role: Because they were confident that Brazil was stable and wouldnt have to worry about US interference with them
- US responded positively to this and Brazil made a shift from being in British orbit to the - US hoping to play a junior partner role in western hemisphere
15
Q
Henry Lane Wilson
A
- Madero is put and escapes house arrest and ends up in San Antonio Tx and announces the revolution against the dictator; the people of Mexico would rise up against Diaz
- Madero’s rebellion is a success and PD resigns and goes into exile and dies
- Henry Lane Wilson’s (US Ambassador in Mexico City) intervention (not official intervention): madero wanted to have elections because he didn’t want to be an unfair leader; he becomes leader of mexico which leads to the first US intervention
- Henry Lane takes strong dislike for Madero and tells the US he is an unpopular man who cannot stay in power long and US should not make connections with him
- There was lots of unrest for 10 days and General Huerta was not putting down the uprising
- Lane tells Madero that the US is going to interveine but the state department informed Mexican Ambassador him that they had no plans tp interviene
- This is where Lane begins to form relationship with Huerta after his plan failed
- Huerta and Wilson decided that Madero had to go
- Huerta overthrew Madero and M gets thrown in prison
- The new president Woodrow Wilson decided that the gov would not recognize governments that came into power through violence despite Lane’s attempts to tell US that Huerta was a great guy
He is relieved of duties and returned to the US
