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Anatomy Lab > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Nucleus, cell body, dendrites (receive signals), axon, myelin, and axon terminals

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2
Q

What are the 3 meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord?

A

Dura mater (toughest layer that separates the CNS from the surrounding skeleton), arachnoid mater (carry blood vessels and CSF), and the pia mater (contains CSF and is final barrier before neural tissue)

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3
Q

What does dura mean?

A

Strong

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4
Q

What does arac mean?

A

Spider

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5
Q

What does pia mean?

A

Tender

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6
Q

What does mater mean?

A

Mother

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7
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Darker tissue of the spinal cord that consists mostly of nerve cell bodies and dendrites

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8
Q

What is white matter?

A

Lighter tissue of spinal cord that consists mostly of myelinated axons

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9
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Deep, elongated cleft

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10
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A groove on the surface

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11
Q

What does ventral mean?

A

Front

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12
Q

What does dorsal mean?

A

Back

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13
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A cluster of nerve cell bodies

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14
Q

What does ramus mean?

A

Branch

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15
Q

What does cauda equina mean?

A

Horse’s tail

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16
Q

What does filum terminale mean?

A

Terminal thread

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17
Q

Where do ventral roots take info?

A

Motor info to SNS targets

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18
Q

Where do dorsal roots take info?

A

Sensory info from PNS receptors responding to a stimulus

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19
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there? Thoracic spinal nerves? Lumbar? Sacral? Coccygeal?

A

8, 12, 5, 5, 1

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20
Q

Where do the spinal nerves (except the 1st and last 6 pairs) exit the vertebral column?

A

Intervertebral foramina

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21
Q

Where does the 1st pair of spinal nerves exit?

A

Between the occipital bone and atlas

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22
Q

Where do the 1st-4th ventral and dorsal rami of the sacral nerves exit?

A

Anterior and posterior sacral foramina

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23
Q

Where do the 5th pair of sacral nerves and one pair of coccygeal nerves exit the vertebral column?

A

Sacral hiatus

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24
Q

What is a lumbar puncture?

A

Medical procedure to collect CSF (also called a spinal tap) from between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae from the subarachnoid space

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25
Q

What is an epidural?

A

Medical procedure done to relieve pain during labor and delivery by inserting a needle filled with anesthetics above the dura mater for the anesthetics to then pass through the meninges to block neuronal impulses

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26
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Network of nerves; cervical (head and neck), brachial (upper limb), and lumbosacral (pelvis, genitalia, and lower limb)

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27
Q

What are the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

C5-8 and T1 ventral rami

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28
Q

What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior trunk

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29
Q

What are the divisions of the brachial plexus?

A

Anterior and posterior

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30
Q

What are the cords of the brachial plexus?

A

Lateral, posterior, and medial cord

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31
Q

What does each trunk divide into?

A

Anterior and posterior divisions

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32
Q

What is the lateral cord formed from?

A

Two anterior divisions from the superior and middle trunks

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33
Q

What is the posterior cord formed from?

A

All 3 posterior division

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34
Q

What is the medial cord formed from?

A

One anterior division from the inferior trunk

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35
Q

What are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A

Musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerve

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36
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

A

Biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis

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37
Q

What does the axillary nerve innervate?

A

Deltoid

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38
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate?

A

Triceps brachii

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39
Q

What are intercostal nerves?

A

Ventral rami from thoracic spinal nerves that travel directly to the region they innervate (ONLY 11)

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40
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Identifiable regions of skin supplied by a single nerve

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41
Q

What are the intercostal nerves?

A

T1-T11 ventral rami

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42
Q

What is the subcostal nerve?

A

T12 ventral ramus

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43
Q

What does the T4 ventral ramus do?

A

Sensory innervation at the nipples

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44
Q

What do the T6-7 ventral rami do?

A

Sensory innervation over the xiphoid process

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45
Q

What does the T10 ventral ramus do?

A

Sensory innervaiton at the naval

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46
Q

Where is the lumbosacral plexus?

A

T12-S4 ventral rami

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47
Q

Where is the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1 ventral rami

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48
Q

Where does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

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49
Q

Where does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

Gluteus maximus

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50
Q

Where does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

Sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius

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51
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris

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52
Q

What are the branches of the lumbosacral plexus?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal nerve, femoral nerve, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, and common fibular nerve

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53
Q

Where is the gray and white matter, respectively, on the brain?

A

Gray is on the outside and white is on the inside

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54
Q

What is meningitis and what are the types, symptoms, diagnosis, most common form, and prevention?

A

Condition where meninges around the brain become inflamed; bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, and non-infectious; headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, confusion, sleeplessness, sluggishness, skin rash, chills, shivering, lethargy, seizures, light sensitivity, lack of appetite, and/or changes in heart and respiratory rates; analyzing CSF; bacterial (severe and possibly deadly; vaccine) and viral (mild, resolves after 7-10 days, no vaccine) are most common and both are contagious via airborne droplets or direct contact

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55
Q

What are the 5 main vesicles of the brain?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myencephalon

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56
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

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57
Q

What are the regions of the telencephalon (cerebrum)?

A

R and L cerebral hemispheres, gyrus, sulcus, corpus callosum, septum pellucidum, lateral ventricles, choroid plexuses, longitudinal fissure, and transverse fissure

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58
Q

What are gyri?

A

Mounds on the cerebral cortex

59
Q

What are the sulci?

A

Crevices on the cerebral cortex

60
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Largest structure that allows signals to travel from one cerebral hemisphere to another

61
Q

What are ventricles?

A

CSF-filled cavities inside the brain

62
Q

What is a choroid plexus?

A

Group of specialized cells that produce CSF from the blood in a neardby vessel

63
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure separate?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

64
Q

What does the transverse fissure separate?

A

Cerebrum and cerebellum

65
Q

What are the regions of the diencephalon?

A

Fornix, thalamus, interthalamic adhesion, hypothalamus, pineal gland, habenula, anterior commissure, posterior commissure, interventricular foramen, 3rd ventricle, choroid plexus, hypophysis (pituitary gland), infundibulum, optic chiasm, and mammillary bodies

66
Q

What is the interthalamic adhesion?

A

Second largest structure that allows signals to travel from one cerebral hemisphere to the other

67
Q

What does the habenula do?

A

Connects pineal gland to the thalamus

68
Q

What do the anterior/posterior commissures do?

A

Allow signals to travel from one cerebral hemisphere to another

69
Q

What do the interventricular foramen do?

A

Allow CSF produced from choroid plexuses in each of the lateral ventricles to flow into the 3rd ventricle

70
Q

What does the infundibulum do?

A

Connects the hypophysis (pituitary) to the hypothalamus

71
Q

What is a chiasm?

A

Crossing or intersecting of 2 tracts

72
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

Where 2 optic nerves intersect

73
Q

What are the regions in the mesencephalon (midbrain)?

A

Corpora quadrigemina and cerebral aqueduct

74
Q

What does corpora quadrigemina mean?

A

Quadruplet (four) bodies

75
Q

What does the superior colliculi process? Inferior?

A

Sight; sound (sight before sound)

76
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct do?

A

Allows CSF to flow from 3rd to 4th ventricle

77
Q

What does arbor mean?

A

Tree

78
Q

What does vitae mean?

A

Life

79
Q

What do cerebellar peduncles do?

A

Attach cerebellum to brainstem

80
Q

What are the regions of the metencephalon?

A

Pons, cerebellum, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle, and cerebellar peduncles

81
Q

What are the regions of the myencephalon?

A

Medulla oblongata, 4th ventricle, choroid plexus, medial aperture, lateral apertures, and central canal

82
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

Structure where the gray and white matter “switch places” between the brain and spinal cord

83
Q

Where can CSF exit the 4th ventricle?

A

One medial aperture, two lateral apertures, and one opening to the central canal

84
Q

What is AD characterized by?

A

Plaques and tangles that require a brain sample (AD is assumed w/o official diagnosis); symptoms include memory loss, confusion, and behavioral changes; NO cure

85
Q

What are dural reflections?

A

Folds of dura mater that extend into the fissures of the brain?

86
Q

Where does the falx cerebri sit?

A

Into the longitudinal fissure and physically separates the 2 hemispheres

87
Q

Where does the tentorium cerebelli sit?

A

Into the transverse fissure and physically separates the cerebrum and cerebellum

88
Q

What are dural sinuses?

A

Contain venous blood that collect blood and circulated CSF and shunt them through the jugular foramen to be returned to heart

89
Q

What are the dural sinuses?

A

Superior/inferior saggital sinus, straight sinus, confluence of the sinuses, transverse sinuses, and sigmoid sinuses

90
Q

Where are the superior/inferior saggital sinuses contained?

A

Within the falx cerebri

91
Q

Where are the straight sinus and confluence of the sinuses contained?

A

Within the intersection of the falx cerebri and falx cerebelli

92
Q

Where are the transverse sinuses contained?

A

Within the tentorium cerebelli

93
Q

Where are sigmoid sinuses contained?

A

Within the dura mater lining the base of the skull

94
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

Projections of arachnoid mater into the dural sinuses that allow CSF in the subarachnoid space to enter the dural sinuses

95
Q

What do motor signals do?

A

Innervate muscles/tissues

96
Q

What do sensory signals do?

A

Send info to CNS from sensory receptors

97
Q

What do special sensory signals do?

A

Send info to CNS from special senses (vision, hearing, balance, and taste)

98
Q

What are the parts to the olfactory nerve (CN I)?

A

The tract, bulb, and nerves

99
Q

What branches does the trigeminal nerve (CN V) have?

A

Ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves (CN V1, CN V2, and CN V3)

100
Q

What is the mnemonic for the order of the cranial nerves?

A

Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly

101
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember type of innervation?

A

Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

102
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory n; olfactory foramina (on cribiform plate); special sensory; olfactory epihthelium

103
Q

CN II

A

Optic n; optic canal; special sensory; retina

104
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor n; superior orbital fissure; motor; inferior oblique, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus muscles of eye

105
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear n; superior orbital fissure; motor; superior oblique muscle of eye

106
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal n

107
Q

CN V1

A

Ophthalmic n; superior orbital fissure, supraorbital foramen; sensory; skin on upper 1/3 of face

108
Q

CN V2

A

Maxillary n; foramen rotundum, infraorbital foramen; sensory; skin on middle 1/3 of face

109
Q

CN V3

A

Mandibular n; foramen ovale, mandibular foramen, mental foramen; sensory; skin on lower 1/3 of face, pain from tongue

110
Q

CN V3

A

Mandibular n; foramen ovale; motor; temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles

111
Q

CN VI

A

Adbucens n; superior orbital fissure; motor; lateral rectus muscles of eye

112
Q

CN VII

A

Facial n; internal acoustic meatus, stylomastoid foramen; motor and special sensory; muscles of facial expression and tastebuds on anterior 2/3 of tongue

113
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear n; internal acoustic meatus; special sensory; inner ear (cochlea and vestibular apparatus)

114
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal n; jugular foramen; special sensory and motor; tastebuds on posterior 1/3 of tongue and muscles of pharynx

115
Q

CN X

A

Vagus n; jugular foramen; sensory, special sensory, and motor; skin across the throat and external acoustic meatus, taste and gag reflex, and smooth muscles of the pharynx and gut

116
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory n; jugular foramen, foramen magnum; motor; trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and muscles of pharynx

117
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal n; hypoglossal canal; motor; muscles of tongue

118
Q

What are the structures of the eye?

A

CN II (Optic n), sclera, cornea, iris, pupil, lens, zonular fibers, ciliary body, conjunctiva, retina, choroid, and anterior/posterior cavity

119
Q

What is the iris?

A

Muscle that constricts/dilates the pupil to control the amount of light that enters the eye

120
Q

How is light directed onto the fovea?

A

The lens is suspended by zonular fibers attached to the ciliary body. When the ciliary body contracts, it pulls on the fibers, which pull/stretch the lens, to direct light

121
Q

What is the choroid?

A

Vascular layer of the eye that supplies blood to the eye

122
Q

What are anterior and posterior cavities separated by? Anterior and posterior chambers? What are the cavities filled with?

A

Lens; Iris; anterior = aqueous humor (clear, watery fluid) and posterior = vitreous humor (transparent, jelly-like tissue)

123
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Pink eye; inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye; symptoms = redness, itching, increased tear production, crusting; highly contagious

124
Q

What are structures associated with the eye?

A

Orbicularis oculi, eyebrow, upper and lower eyelids, lacrimal gland, lacrimal ducts, caruncle, superior and inferior puncta, superior and inferior canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct

125
Q

What does the lacrimal gland do?

A

Produces tears

126
Q

What is a blind spot?

A

There are no rods or cones at the optic disc where the optic nerve connects to the retina because the space is occupied by the optic nerve fibers and retinal vasculature so as light passes through, it’s not processed into eyesight

127
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, and inferior oblique

128
Q

Superior rectus

A

Innervation: CN III
Action: superior rotation of eye

129
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Innervation: CN III
Action: inferior rotation of eye

130
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Innervation: CN VI
Action: lateral rotation of eye

131
Q

Medial rectus

A

Innervation: CN III
Action: Medial rotation of eye

132
Q

Superior oblique

A

Innervation: CN IV
Action: Inferior and lateral rotation of eye

133
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Innervation: CN III
Action: Superior and lateral rotation of eye

134
Q

What are the structures of the outer ear?

A

Auricle (pinna), auditory canal, and tragus

135
Q

What are the structures of the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane (eardrum), tympanic cavity, ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), pharyngotympanic tube

136
Q

What are the structures of the inner ear?

A

Temporal bone (petrous part), cochlea, oval window, round window, vestibular apparatus, CN VIII, internal acoustic meatus

137
Q

What does cochlea mean?

A

Snail

138
Q

What does the round window do?

A

Relieves pressure in the cochlea applied by the stapes; allows sounds waves to move throughout the cochlea

139
Q

What does the vestibular apparatus do?

A

Processes the sensation of motion, orientation, and balance

140
Q

What are the structures of the nasal cavity?

A

Nostrils, cribiform plate, CN I, nasal septum, superior concha, superior meatus, middle concha, middle meatus, inferior concha, inferior meatus, pharyngeal orifice of pharyngotympanic tube

141
Q

What are the structures of the oral cavity?

A

Tongue, CN VII, CN IX, CN XII, CN X, V3

142
Q

What is the flow of CSF?

A

Choroid plexuses (lateral/1st/2nd ventricles)&raquo_space; interventricular foramen&raquo_space; 3rd ventricle (+choroid plexus)&raquo_space; cerebral aqueduct&raquo_space; 4th ventricle (+choroid plexus)&raquo_space; central canal OR medial/lateral apertures&raquo_space; subarachnoid space&raquo_space; arachnoid granulations&raquo_space; inferior sagittal sinus&raquo_space; straight sinus OR superior sagittal sinus&raquo_space; confluence of sinuses (with straight)&raquo_space; transverse sinus&raquo_space; sigmoid sinus&raquo_space; jugular foramen (internal jugular vein)

143
Q

What is the process of sound waves?

A

Sound waves collected by the auricle»external acoustic meatus»external auditory canal»tympanic membrane»malleus»incus»stapes»oval window»cochlea»vestibulocochlear nerve»to brain for processing and interpretation into sound

144
Q

Where do tears pass through before entering the nasal cavity?

A

Lacrimal gland»lacrimal ducts»across the eye (sclera, cornea, and conjunctiva)»collects in front of caruncle»superior/inferior lacrimal puncta»superior/inferior canaliculi»lacrimal sac»through lacimal foramen»nasolacrimal duct»opening of nasolacrimal duct»inferior meatus»nasal cavity

Anatomy Lab (4 decks)

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