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P215 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Synapse

A

Communication between two neurons. We make assumptions that pre has reached threshold and post is experiencing an AP

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2
Q

Pre-Synaptic Neuron

A

Assume pre is sending an AP. That it has reached threshold.

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3
Q

Post-Synaptic Neuron

A

Will receive a signal or AP from pre, but we don’t know what will happen to it. Can reach threshold or inhibit it. Communication received will be in form of Graded Potential.

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4
Q

Electrical Synapses Alternative Name

A

Gap Junction

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5
Q

Electrical Synapses

A

Form direct connection between two neurons by passing ions directly from one to the next. Essentially transmitting Graded Potential. These are physical channels. Example would be heart muscle cells

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6
Q

Chemical Synapses; Pre-Synaptic Region; Voltage-Gated Calcium Ion Channels

A

Once at Axon Terminal, go from Voltage Gated Sodium Channels to Calcium channels. Calcium will yield mechanical change. Has to do with release of neurotransmitter. When Calcium flows in, we release it from presynaptic terminal.

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7
Q

Chemical Synapses; Pre-Synaptic Region; Synaptic Vesicles

A

Spheres of membrane that enclose neurotransmitters. Vesicles transported down the axon. Sit and wait for Calcium. Will then migrate toward the end plate. Goal is for the release of neurotransmitters

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8
Q

SNARES meaning

A

Soluble NSF Attachment Protein Receptors

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9
Q

SNAREs

A

Embedded within end plate of axon terminal. Role is to capture, dock, and pull close to axon end plate. When Calcium flows in, it will trigger Exocytosis. Tethering is waiting for vesicle and pulling it close. Snare is then left open to find next vesicle.

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10
Q

Why do people who get Botox need to get another treatment in two months?

A

Its AP from Motor Neurons are telling it to contract. As more snares are made, connections start to form once again

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11
Q

What do Snares provide for us?

A

This is crucial when they catch vesicles and keep them close to membrane because they want communication to be effective and immediate.

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

They’re simply messangers

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13
Q

Neurotransmitters function

A

To be released from Pre-sympathetic cell and bind to receptors on that post cell. Polar particles so they dont enter post-sympathetic cell. Bind to receptor and release will occur because of Calcium influx. Act only as ligand!

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters release

A

Will occur because of Calcium influx. Affecting snares and triggering exocytosis. Only job is to move across synapse and bind to cell

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15
Q

Neurotransmitter Types

A

GI Tract; Ramps up rest and digest. Different effects all over the body because of different receptors and different channels

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16
Q

Post-Synaptic Region; Receptors/Ion Channels

A

Here are ligand gated receptors. Two types of Ligand Gated Receptors. Ionothropic and Metaathropic.

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17
Q

Ionothropic definition

A

When the receptor and ion channel are made for the same protein

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18
Q

Metathropic

A

Features an ion channel with receptor next to it.

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19
Q

What is the result of opening ion channels on the post-synaptic membrane?

A

Create graded potentials!

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20
Q

4 Mechanisms of NT Removal from Synaptic Cleft (1)

A

Reuptake by pre-pathetic neuron. Releases neurotransmitter and then through SAT will pull NT out. Pre-sympathetic vaccums it back in again quickly

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21
Q

4 Mechanisms of NT Removal from Synaptic Cleft (2)

A

Enzyme Degradation. Acetgcolyine and Histamine use this. Will break the NT. Once broken, can no longer bind and eliminated from synapse.

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22
Q

4 Mechanisms of NT Removal from Synaptic Cleft (3)

A

Glial Cells are support cells for the neuron. Surrounding the synapse, you can se eGlial cells. As NT drifts toward edges, Glial Cells can remove this,

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23
Q

4 Mechanisms of NT Removal from Synaptic Cleft (4)

A

Neurotransmitter drifts toward the edge of the synapse and can actually just leave

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24
Q

Divergence

A

Single Pre-synaptic neuron and it can send its single out to multiple postsynaptic neurons. Can diverge as much as it wants, and amplitude of signal doesn’t decrease with more and more divergence

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25
Q

Convergence

A

One single post-synaptic neuron recieving multiple contacts from pre. More diverse. System biased more toward inhibition. If at -55 mV, AP will be sent out

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26
Q

Spacial Summation

A

Multiple converaging presynaptic contacts and synapses releasing neurotransmitters binding to ligand gated receptors leading to excitation or inhibition. Or they can compete with one another and cancel each other out.

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27
Q

Receptors

A

These connect to sensory. Contain afferent neurons going toward CNS

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28
Q

Interneuron

A

These are neurons housed completely within CNS, and will connect to motor, or efferent neuron.

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29
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support cells with CNS. Serve number f roles and outnumber neurons 10-1.

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30
Q

Glial Cells Function (1)

A

Help maintain overall cell homeostasis

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31
Q

Glial Cells Function (2)

A

Help provide nutrition to neurons

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32
Q

Glial Cells Function (3)

A

Provide structural support to neurons

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33
Q

Glial Cells Function (4)

A

Form Myolin Sheath, which are glial cells that have wrapped themselves around the axon. Also help remove neurotransmitters.

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34
Q

Glial Cells Function (5)

A

Provide some immunological defense. Help fight pathogens.

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35
Q

Peripheral System

A

Something that has left CNS, includes sensory neurons and motor neurons. Axons are also peripheral

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36
Q

CNS

A

Includes everything inside spinal cord and alsao brain. Every cell that begins and ends in CNS is called an internuron.

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37
Q

What are the three classes of neurons

A

Sensory, Motor, and Intereuron.

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38
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Sensory neurons come in. Axon sending information from peripheral. Sent out to affectors. Sensory input comes in, motor output goes out.

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39
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A

You use circumstances that you are in and modify output to make it as useful as possible. Receptor measures environment.

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40
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Responsible for respiration and also the center that has 10-12 times per minute that is the breathing rate. Also controls HR function.

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41
Q

Pons

A

Bridge between Medulla and Thalamus

Start of CN 5-8 here. Will regulate breathing. Will regulate above or below 10-12 breaths per minute.

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42
Q

Reflexes

A

These are involuntary, faster.

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43
Q

Reactions

A

These are voluntary and also in the brain.

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44
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay for sensory information. Will distribute it to different parts of the cortex. Will go to cerebellum. Can enter Thalamus or Cortex. Olfactory
(smell) doesn’t go here. REgulates sleep too, can lead to coma if damaged

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45
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Will take a lot of information in that receptors are measuring. Will take in afferent information and also set points. BP is also measured here and part of Sarcardium rhythm located here too (day/night cycle). Also plays Endocrine role. Initiation point for number of points.

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46
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Groups of neurons. Play number of motor controls. Inhibits unwanted movement. Hyper-polarizes cells involved in muscle contractions. Helps modulate force oputput

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47
Q

Parkinsons Disease

A

Substantia Nigra affected, its job is to release dopamine that leads to inhibition. Symptoms include unwated movements and tremors. After awhile, muscles will contract and whole body will become stiff.

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48
Q

Cerebellum works together with what?

A

Basal Ganglia

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49
Q

Cerebellum

A

Makes motor output as efficent as possible. Plays role in muscle coordination/order. Coordinates order of muscle contractions. Timing refers to how long muscles will be activated.

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50
Q

Cerebellum Motor Role

A

Cerebellum learning important for efficent movement and also in timing

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51
Q

Cerebellum Sensory Role

A

Goes into Thalamus, distribute it to cortex. Cerebellum will take information in and try to fine tune what is occuring. If this and sensory information line up, keep on doing it. If not, there has to be a change that occurs.

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52
Q

Limbic System

A

Revolves around the control of Primitive Behavior. Deeper emotions and motivations. Reward Seeking, Survival instincts. Individual orientated behavior along with selfish behavior.

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53
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Location of awareness and personality. Helps develop that coherent image of whats going on in the environment and what we’re trying to do. REactions and choices are made here.

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54
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Rod went through Pre Frontal Cortex. Turns into a dick, never made a decision, only cared about himself.

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55
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

part of the frontal lobe that initiates movement; function is somatotropic organization; there are different parts in the cortex that relate to muscles and efferent pathways; more cortex= more motor control

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56
Q

Brocas Area

A

part of the frontal lobe that deals with language production, speaking and motor control; activates vocal muscle parts of motor cortex (sound producing and modulating muscles)

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57
Q

Primaqry Somatosensory Cortex

A

part of the parietal lobe that is the final stop for tactile input that comes in from the periphery; related to sense of touch; “somatotropically” organized; responsible for fine tuning of hands (feel generated pressure)

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58
Q

Sensory vs Motor Maps

A

LArge hands and face appear on both sides. If mild electrcal probe shocked cortex, it made a graded potential and maybe reached threshold and making AP.

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59
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

part of the occipital lobe that processes stimuli from the eyes (retina); “retinotopically” organized- where it is perceived depends on where it hits the retina; one of several visual processing sites; always sees shape before color; Stroop effect

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60
Q

Stroop Affect

A

The representation of symbols and words in different colors. SOmatic information is more important than color information

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61
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

part of temporal lobe that processes stimuli from the ears; “tonotopically” organized- different parts related to different frequencies of sound

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62
Q

Wernickes Area

A

part of temporal lobe that deals with language comprehension; as you listen to language, you understand and can comprehend what you and others are saying

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63
Q

Aphasia

A

When someone speaks and they do not make sense

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64
Q

Expressive Aphasia

A

aphasia in which there is an inability to express oneself; can’t form sentences, words are hard to get out, frustration, the guy knows what he wants to say but he can’t get it out; affects Broca’s area

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65
Q

Receptive Aphasia

A

aphasia in which there is not sound production problems, but it is not coherent what the person is saying; the person doesn’t see themselves are speaking incoherently, not sure if the subjects understand questions when studying this condition, everything seems to make sense to the subject

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66
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of the temporal lobe that is responsible for learning and memory; deals with short to long term memory transfer; strictly a transition point, not a storage unit; decides where long-term memories will be stored; declarative memories: people, places, events; does not deal with procedural memories such as learning to walk or play the piano

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67
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

the inability to generate new memories; current memories are stored elsewhere- you wouldn’t know that you couldn’t make new memories

68
Q

Receptor

A

point where external (peripheral) info becomes processed and comes into the body; examples are hair cells in ear, raw nerve endings (pain fibers)

69
Q

Specificty

A

the idea that every receptor responds to specific stimuli

70
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

receptors that respond to some physical change; examples are muscle spindles, mechanically gated ion channels, and osmoreceptors

71
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

receptors that measure chemical change in blood levels; example is pH

72
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

receptors that measure temperature in non-damaging ranges; skin receptors

73
Q

Nosreceptors

A

pain receptors that can detect any extreme sensory info/tissue changes

74
Q

Photoreceptors

A

light receptors; depend on the rods and cones in the retina

75
Q

Receptor Sensitivty

A

How easy it is to generate an AP. Related to the threshold. Low threshold= doesn’t take much change to meet threshold. High threshold = less sensitive and takes more to reach threshold.

76
Q

Receptor Potentials

A

Essentially graded potentials. They are always depolarizing however.

77
Q

Action Potentials

A

We have to generate AP if we want to be able to perceive what is going on in the environment.

78
Q

Receptive Fields

A

the most important factor in determining the location of a stimulus

79
Q

Tonic

A

type of receptor adaptation that is slow adapting; sends action potential throughout duration, so the action potential stops when the stimulus stops

80
Q

Phasic

A

type of receptor adaptation that is rapidly adapting; action potential sent initially but the body adapts to this stimulus; example is muscle spindles during stretching of muscles

81
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

nervous system that plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis; responsible for the response used to regulate “set points” in negative feedback loops; basically automatic, not voluntary

82
Q

Effectors of ANS

A 
Smooth Muscle (Cardiac Too)
Glands (To Secrete Hormones)
83
Q

Two divisions of Autonomic Organization

A

Sympathetic System and PArasympathetic System

84
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

nervous system responsible for “fight or flight” reaction

85
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

nervous system responsible for “rest and digest”

86
Q

Dual Innervation

A

the idea that organs have input coming in from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

87
Q

What is Functional Result

A

counter balance in dominance
modulate to counter because sympathetic and parasympathetic equal total input
dominant one shows- rare for 100% and 0%
specificity across organs

88
Q

Ganglion

A

group of nerve body cells

89
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter used by parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic neurons
and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

90
Q

Norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter used by sympathetic postganglionic neuronsq

91
Q

REceptors

A

_____ are important because they help determine inhibition/excitation due to the ions involved

92
Q

Cholinergic REceptors

A

acetylcholine receptors

93
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine receptors

94
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

part of the autonomic nervous system that does not have dual-innervation (it only has sympathetic); no post-ganglionic neuron; primarily releases epinephrine which is similar to norepinephrine in molecular size, binds to adrenergic receptors, and binds mostly to B2 receptors

95
Q

Natural Ligands

A

ligand at the receptor level that binds to ligand-gated channels and unlocks them

96
Q

Two types of Artifical ligands

A

Agonist

Antagonist

97
Q

Agonist

A

artificial ligand in which something from outside the body works similarly to a natural ligand; unlocks/picks the lock and activates the channel like a bobby-pin would to a lock

98
Q

Antagonist

A

artificial ligand that still binds to receptors but does not activate channels; it’s like putting a stick into the lock and it gets stuck- nothing else can get in

99
Q

Function of Skeletal Muscle

A

To generate force

100
Q

Spinal Motor Neurons

A

neurons in skeletal muscle that initiate both reflexive and voluntary contractions; 99.9% of muscle contraction is due to this neuron triggering muscles; final common pathway of contraction

101
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

part of skeletal muscle that has the following specializations: always uses acetylcholine, only ionotropic receptors, sodium moves across and depolarizes muscle, acetylcholinesterase then removes acetylcholine; surface area of this part is much larger than that of any other chemical synapse; one HUGE synapse with lots of sodium crossing

102
Q

t Tubules

A

part of skeletal muscle that is an extension of muscle membrane, carries the action potential deeper into the muscle fiber

103
Q

Sacroplasmic Reticulum

A

storage location for calcium in the muscles, use PAT to help find any extra calcium to draw in; helps regulate calcium in the muscle by pulling it back in

104
Q

DHP Receptors

A

voltage sensitive proteins embedded in the membrane of the T tubule; NOT ion channels in skeletal muscles; they sense the voltage, see a morhphological change, and initiate calcium reflex

105
Q

Ryanodine Channels

A

Calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum; some are mechanically opened by the DHP receptors, but some are ligand-gated and opened by the presence of calcium

106
Q

Calcium-Mediated Calcium Release

A

the idea that as a little calcium leaks out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, more calcium is triggered to be released (positive feedback)

107
Q

Net Result of Action Potential at NMJ

A
  • rapid calcium release everywhere in the muscle
  • fast force generation and higher peak
  • calcium pulled back into SR and contraction dissipates
108
Q

Sacromere

A

basic unit of contractile force; part of the muscle that actually generates force

109
Q

Actin

A

thin filament, has myosin binding sites

110
Q

TRopomyosin

A

protein that covers the actin/myosin binding sites but does not interact with either actin or myosin; acts as a “lock” between the actin and myosin

111
Q

Troponin

A

protein connected to tropomyosin

112
Q

Myosin

A

thick filament that is typically a bundle of lots of proteins; its interaction with actin creates a “cross-bridge”; has an ATP binding site

113
Q

Sacroplasmic Calcium

A

chemical that “unlocks” troponin; binds to troponin; allows cross-bridge to occur immediately; allows actin and myosin to interact; without this, contraction cannot occur

114
Q

Anatomical Relationship between SR and the Sarcomere

A

Calcium will eventually work its way to active ligand activated rhyodine channels

115
Q

Resting/REady State

A

stage of the sliding filament mechanism of contraction in which the myosin head is re-energized; release from ATP puts it in cocked position

116
Q

Binding

A

stage of the sliding filament mechanism of contraction in which calcium is present and binding can occur immediately; myosin cross-bridge binds to actin

117
Q

Phosphate Release

A

stage of the sliding filament mechanism of contraction that is the result of actin and myosin binding; the energy in the myosin head is released

118
Q

Power Stroke

A

stage of the sliding filament mechanism of contraction in which the myosin cross-bridge pivots; actin is pulled toward the midline of sarcomere which generates force/contraction; ADP is released after this pivot

119
Q

Actin Release

A

stage of the sliding filament mechanism of contraction in which myosin and actin are not changing in length; new ATP bonds to site, one actin/myosin bond releases the actin from the myosin

120
Q

Recharge

A

stage of the sliding filament mechanism of contraction in which ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate; energy is transferred to myosin; pivots to energized state

121
Q

Slow Oxidative

A

muscle fiber type that can generate small forces for a long time

122
Q

Fast Oxidative (Intermediate Twitch)

A

muscle fiber type that can generate intermediate forces for a moderate time

123
Q

Fast Glycolytic (Fast Twitch)

A

muscle fiber type that can generate lots of force for a small amount of time

124
Q

Motor Unit

A

single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates; every muscle listens to only one of these; distributed just like the other fiber types

125
Q

Innervation Ratio

A

number of muscle fibers per motor neuron; varies from 5:1 to 1500:1; the amount of force varies depending on this

126
Q

Motor Unit Recruitment

A

type of muscle force output used in reflexive and voluntary contraction; order will always be the same; small motor neurons are easier to recruit; recruited samllest to largest but deactivated largest to smalledst; first motor neuron recruited is activated the whole time

127
Q

Frequency of Motor Unit Activation

A

type of muscle force output used only in VOLUNTARY contractions; depends on the amount of action potentials sent per second from the motor neuron; calcium stays in sacrcomere which leads to more cross-bridge cycling; at high frequency, sarcomere is as short as possible

128
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

load is greater than generated force; higher and to the left of zero on a force-velocity graph; lengthening of muscles

129
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

force generated is equal to force pushed on muscle; point on y-axis

130
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

generated force is greater than the load; lower and to the right on a force-velocity graph; shortening of muscles

131
Q

Static Stretching

A

sitting in a stretch: stimulus is stretch-> stimulus is consistent, golgi apparatus tendon sends signals, no muscles spindles because no change

132
Q

Ballistic Stretching

A

bouncing into a stretch- constant change to muscle tendons, golgi apparatus still reacts, just does not build inhibition, hamstring muscle contracts because it wants to protect the hamstring from ripping
-more potential for muscles tearing: good way to detect defects or injuries

133
Q

Stretching best for sprinters and distance runners

A

sprinters: ballistic stretching

distance runners: static stretching

134
Q

Phantom Limb Pain

A
  1. brain detects signals that are not there
  2. stimulus in one location of the body that is perceived to have come from another part of the body:perception
  3. somatosensory cortex that used to be responsible for translating reality to perception isn’t connected to anything so it expands to the neighboring cortex
  4. pain stimuli: the more they think about it the more painful it gets
    - central pain with no physical pain
135
Q

Steps of NMJ

A
  1. AP comes down the synapse
  2. still have voltage gated channels
  3. neurotransmitter attached to snares
  4. exocytosis
  5. inotropic reactions primarily allow sodium to cross- depolarize
    - motor end plate potential-> GP huge because we have so much neurotransmitter release, so much ion cross we don’t have to worry about summation to reach threshold
136
Q

What is the biggest difference you can see in the above image that distinguishes the neuromuscular junction, from the other chemical synapses we’ve talked about?

A

action potentials are created right outside the synapse not in the axon hillock
graded potentials do not have to go the distance and threshold is determined right outside the synapse immediately turned into AP

137
Q

Why does the unique specialization of the NMJ exist?

A

every time a signal is sent, you want to react

  • guarantees that when motor neurons become active you get contraction of the muscle
  • **voltage gated channels outside the synapse will always reach threshold
138
Q

Big picture chemical synapse

A
  1. neurotransmitter molecules are synthesized and packaged in vesicles
  2. AP arrives at the presynaptic terminal
  3. voltage gates Ca channels open and Ca flows in
  4. a rise in Ca triggers fusion of synaptic vesicles and presynaptic membrane
  5. transmitter molecule diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell
  6. bound receptors activate the postsynaptic cells
  7. a neurotransmitter breaks down, is taken up by the presynaptic terminal or other cells, or diffuses away from the synapse
139
Q

What happens when a person is exposed to sarin gas?

A

the person becomes paralyzed to the point you cant contract muscles

  • flaccid paralysis: no contraction of muscle at all
  • sarin gas binds with receptors to break up acetylcholine where sodium keeps flowing into post synaptic sac
  • membrane never repolarizes so the signal dies and inhibition is not created in the diaphragm so you sufffocate
140
Q

action potential transmissions need

A

quickly spread the AP thru the entire muscle fiber using voltage gated sodium and potassium channels to conduct electricity as a neuron

141
Q

What happens when calcium is leaked out of the SR?

A

it triggers more calcium release

142
Q

goal of motor force output

A

smooth increases and decreases in force through contractive process

143
Q

orderly motor neuron recruitment

A

motor neuron size principle
small motor neuron (cell body size) are easier to recruit
motor neurons recruited small to large and deactivated large to small, so the smallest motor neuron is activated the entire time

144
Q

length-tension relationship

A

minimal sarcomere length effect to normal source of pressure
moderate=maximum force
highest force=overlap
moderate overlap of actin and myosin: shorten and the force decreases
integral sarcomere conditions will lead to highest force output

145
Q

describe some functional application of the length tension relationship

A

injury prevention: stretch out back (little force) muscles at mechanical disadvantage
self defense: martial arts- cannot generate enough force to get out

146
Q

force-velocity relationship

A

speed of muscle contraction as force is being generated

equilibrium

147
Q

What happens when we lift something too physically heavy?

A

involuntary stretches=CNS doesn’t like this
muscle fibers sense stretching
CNS realizes its going to break the arm
muscle is being lengthened involuntary

148
Q

What happens when you tear your rotator cuff?

A
  1. the speed and velocity of arm comes from core and legs
  2. through arm through space
  3. once released you use the rotator arm muscles to slow the arm down
  4. rotator muscles contract eccentrically to be moved forward
  5. repetitive injury strain
  6. start to fatigue so generating force weakens
  7. rotator cuff doesn’t stop even though the force weakens
149
Q

effect of natural ligands at the receptor level

A

hormone or neurotransmitter release in synapse or bloodstream
neurotransmitter= key
receptor=lock released naturally

150
Q

sympathetic preganglionic synapse

A

nicotine receptors=excitatory

nicotine was the drug used to isolate receptors

151
Q

sympathetic postganglionic synapse

A

adrenergic receptors
a1 B1 B3= excitatory-> allows sodium to cross and depolarize
A2 B2= inhibitory->hyperpolarize

152
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic synapse

A

nicotine receptors excitatory

simple signal to push neuron toward firing

153
Q

parasympathetic postganglionic synapse

A

muscularic receptors= metabotropic
M1 M3 M5= excitatory -> GI tract
M2 M4= inhibitory-> heart

154
Q

parasympathetic nervous system effects

A

decrease heart rate, decrease conduction velocity, contraction of bronchial muscles

155
Q

sympathetic nervous system effects

A

increases heart rate, increases conduction velocity, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, relaxation of bronchial tubes

156
Q

B1

A

heart rate and conduction velocity

157
Q

A1

A

vasoconstriction and of most of the body and skeletal muscle

158
Q

B2

A

decrease in O2 increase in CO2 in the blood

159
Q

aerobic exercise response of local tissue to hypoxia

A

local hypoxia
hypoxia of epinephrine- local vasodilation norepinephrine, vasoconstriction
increase sympathetic outpu

160
Q

stress related hypertension

A

problem: too much sympathetic system influence for too long- cortisone for adrenal cortex- heart rate increase, blood vessels constrict
solution: block beta antagonists to decrease heart rate
block alpha to stop vasoconstriction, first drug provided, increase vasodilation

161
Q

asthma

A

problem: bronchial constriction and increased mucus secretion, potentially due to an allergic response, perceives it as a pathogen, hypersensitive response with constriction of bronchiole muscles
solution: b2 agonists- opens airways

162
Q

how is norepinephrine inhibitory and excitatory?

A

it depends on the ions
calcium cross- excitatory- heart
potassium cross- inhibitory- smooth muscle
each local has its own

163
Q

similarities between the endocrine and nervous systems

A

chemical signaling, importance of receptor types, long message of distance, role in homeostasis (maintain set points)

164
Q

differences between the endocrine and nervous system

A

signaling accuracy: NS has a specific target
signal speed: NS-AP(fast) Endo-release to blood and has to travel throughout the body with the blood
signal duration: NS- on or off action potential ES-once in bloodstream they stay in bloodstream until they reach the kidney or liver
cortisol control: no ES subconscious NS

165
Q

anterior pituitary has its own…

A

gland

166
Q

posterior pituitary

A

release of hormones produced in hypothalamus
produced within cell bodies of hypothalamus and stored in axon terminal in posterior pituitary
-oxytocin and ADH stored in posterior pituitary

167
Q

wEBSITES

A

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P215 (3 decks)

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