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Anatomy And Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissues in the human body?

A
  1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Nervous 4. Muscular
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2
Q

What are tissues made of?

A

A group of similar cells and cell products

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3
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

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4
Q

What are the three types of epithelial cells?

A
  1. Simple Squamous 2. Simple Cuboidal 3. Simple Columnar
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5
Q

What is the shape of squamous cells?

A

Thin scaly cells

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6
Q

What is the shape of cuboidal cells?

A

Square or round cells

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7
Q

What is the shape of columnar cells?

A

Tall narrow cells

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8
Q

What are the special features of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Lack Blood Vessels
  2. Get nourishment through diffusion
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9
Q

What are the two types of layers in epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Simple 2. Stratified
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10
Q

What are the two main functions of simple squamous epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Permit rapid diffusion 2. Secrete serous fluid
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11
Q

What are the three main function of the simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Absorption and secretion 2. Mucus and production 3. Movement
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12
Q

What are the two main function of the simple columnar epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Absorption and secretion 2. Mucus Secretion
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13
Q

Can you name two organs where simple squamous epithelial tissues are found?

A
  1. Lungs 2. Skin
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14
Q

Can you name two organs that contain stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Epidermis 2. Tongue
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15
Q

Can you name two organs that contain simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Liver 2. Thyroid
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16
Q

Can you name two organs that contain stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Sweat gland ducts 2. Ovaries
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17
Q

Can you name two organs that contain simple columnar epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Uterus 2. Kidney
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18
Q

What is transitional epithelial tissue?

A

Multilayered epithelium that change from round to flat when stretched

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19
Q

Can you name one organ where we can find transitional epithelial tissue?

A

The Bladder

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20
Q

Regarding epithelial tissue, what is the basement membrane?

A

The layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue

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21
Q

Is the extracellular matrix of epithelial tissue abundant or scarce?

A

It is so thin it is not visible with a light microscope

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22
Q

Given the location and function of epithelial tissue, why is it beneficial that it has a high rate of mitosis?

A

They are constantly damaged, and need a high rate mitosis to replace damaged cells

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23
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

A cell junction where adjacent cells are connected through protein channels

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24
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

Connect cells together so molecules may pass from one cell to the other

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25
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Areas where the membranes of two adjacent cells join together to form a barrier

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26
Q

What are the two functions of tight junctions?

A
  1. Help form a barrier that prevents molecules from getting through 2. Stop the proteins in the cell membrane from moving around
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27
Q

Does epithelial tissue have a lot of blood vessels?

A

They allow no room for blood vessels

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28
Q

What are the four types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Fibrous 2. Cartilage 3. Bone 4. Blood
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29
Q

What is the main cell type found in fibrous connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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30
Q

What is the main difference between dense and loose connective tissue?

A

Dense connective tissue have abundant collagenous fibers; loose connective tissues are scarce

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31
Q

What are the 3 types of fibers found in the matrix of fibrous connective tissue?

A
  1. Collagenous 2. Reticular 3. Elastic
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32
Q

Can you name one organ where dense regular fibrous connective tissue is found?

A

The Tendons

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33
Q

Can you name one organ where dense irregular fibrous connective tissue is found?

A

The dermis

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34
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage found in the human body?

A
  1. Hyaline 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage
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35
Q

What are the two cell types that make cartilage?

A
  1. Chondroblasts 2. Chondrocytes
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36
Q

What is one organ where hyaline cartilage is found?

A

The Trachea

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37
Q

What is one organ where fibrocartilage is found?

A

The Intervertebral Discs

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38
Q

What is one organ where the elastic cartilage is found?

A

Epiglottis

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39
Q

Besides fibers, what other substance is found in the matrix of cartilage?

A

Chondroitin Sulfate

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40
Q

What are the three main function of hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. Eases joint movements 2. Holds airway open 3. Moves vocal cords during speech
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41
Q

What are the two main function of fibrocartilage?

A
  1. Resists compression 2. Absorbs shock
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42
Q

What is the main function of elastic cartilage?

A

Provides flexible, elastic support

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43
Q

What is the main function of the chondroblasts?

A

To produce and maintain the cartilage matrix

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44
Q

What are the 3 types of cells found in bone tissue?

A
  1. Erythrocytes 2. Leukocytes 3. Platelets
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45
Q

Besides fibers, what other substance is found in the matrix of bone tissue?

A
  1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) 2. Proteoglycan 3. Adhesive Glycoproteins
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46
Q

What is a chondrocyte?

A

Cartilage cells in the lacunae

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47
Q

What is the main function of the osteoblasts?

A

Produce bone matrix and result in increases of bone mass

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48
Q

What is the main function of the osteocytes?

A

Maintain the strength and health of the bone matrix

49
Q

What is the main function of the osteoclasts?

A

Decrease bone mass

50
Q

Can you name one organ where we find bone tissue?

A

Bone Marrow

51
Q

What is the main function of bone tissue?

A

Provide structural support

52
Q

What are three organs that belong to the integumentary system?

A
  1. Skin 2. Hair 3. Nails
53
Q

What are two tissue types that form the skin?

A
  1. Stratified Squamous 2. Cuboidal Epithelial
54
Q

What is a melanocyte?

A

A skin cell that produces melanin

55
Q

What is a keratinocyte?

A

A skin cell that produces keratin

56
Q

What are the two parts of the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis 2. Dermis
57
Q

What are three functions of the skin?

A
  1. Sensation 2. Thermoregulation 3. Vitamin D Synthesis
58
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

A

Keeps skin and hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked

59
Q

What is the function of the sweat glands?

A

To cool body temperature

60
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

They contain nerve endings that sense pain, touch, pressure, and temperature

61
Q

What is the tissue composition of the dermis?

A

Connective tissue layer made up of: 1. Collagen 2. Elastic Fibers 3. Reticular fibers 4. Fibroblasts

62
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Provides a waterproof barrier and creates skin tone

63
Q

What is the tissue composition of the epidermis?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

64
Q

How does the skin help to regulate body temperature?

A

Through blood vessel constriction and through sweating

65
Q

What are the five layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum Basale 2. Stratum Spinosum 3. Stratum Granulosum 4. Stratum Lucidum 5. Stratum Corneum
66
Q

What are two characteristics of the stratum basal?

A
  1. Made of a single layer to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes 2. Replace lost epidermal cells
67
Q

What are two characteristics of the stratum spinosum?

A
  1. Thickest stratum in the skin 2. Contains several layers of keratinocytes
68
Q

What are two characteristics of the stratum granulosum?

A
  1. Consists of 3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes 2. Contains coarse dark-staining keratohyalin granules
69
Q

What are two characteristics of the stratum corneum?

A
  1. Up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells 2. Form a durable surface layer
70
Q

What are two cells types found in the epidermis?

A
  1. Stem Cells 2. Keratinocytes
71
Q

In what stratum of the epidermis do you find actively mitotic cells?

A

Stratum Germinativum

72
Q

In what layer of the skin do we find blood vessels?

A

Dermis

73
Q

What happens to the keratinocytes in the stratum corneum?

A

Keratinocytes die and are used to make stratum corneum

74
Q

What is the function of the melanin in the skin?

A

To shield DNA from ultraviolet radiation

75
Q

What type of cells make up the nails and hair?

A

Dead, keratinized cells

76
Q

What are the three cells that form the bone tissue?

A
  1. Osteoblasts 2. Osteocytes 3. Osteoclasts
77
Q

What is the function of the osteoblast?

A

To make bone

78
Q

What is the function of the osteocyte?

A

They maintain the strength and health of the bone matrix

79
Q

What is the function of the osteoclast?

A

Breaks down bones and are responsible for bone resorption

80
Q

What are three anatomical characteristics of the osteoclast?

A
  1. Have 3 to 4 nuclei 2. Unusually large cells 3. Formed from the fusion of several stem cells
81
Q

What are the four chemical components of the bone tissue matrix?

A
  1. Collagen fibers 2. Proteoglycans 3. Calcium 4. Salts
82
Q

What is the function of collagen in the boned matrix?

A

To give bone strength

83
Q

What is the function of calcium salts in the bone matrix?

A

The give the bone hardness

84
Q

What is bone deposition?

A

A crystallization process in which ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue

85
Q

What is the bone cell responsible for bone deposition?

A

Osteoblasts

86
Q

What is bone resorption?

A

The process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood

87
Q

What bone cell is responsible for bone resorption?

A

Osteocytes

88
Q

Why is bone resorption necessary?

A

It replaces old, weak bone, with new, strong bone

89
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A
  1. Compact Bone 2. Spongy (Cancellous) Bone
90
Q

What is ossification?

A

The formation of bone

91
Q

What are the two types of human ossification?

A
  1. Intramembranous Ossification 2. Endochondral Ossification
92
Q

What is Intramembranous ossification?

A

Production of flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle

93
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Process in which bone develops from pre-existing cartilage model

94
Q

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A

Osteon

95
Q

What is the structural unit of the cancellous bone?

A

Trabeculae

96
Q

Draw an osteon and label its parts.

A
97
Q

What are the four types of bones (according to their shape) present in the human body?

A
  1. Long 2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular
98
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

A thin layer of reticular connective tissue longing marrow cavity

99
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

External sheath that covers bone except where there is articulate cartilage

100
Q

What is a long bone?

A

Hard, dense bones, that provide strength, structure and mobility.

101
Q

What is a short bone?

A
  1. Bones that are wide as they are long
  2. Provide strength and stability, but little movement.
102
Q

What is an irregular bone?

A

Bones that vary in shape and structure

103
Q

Regarding bones, what is a foramen?

A

An opening or hole in the bone

104
Q

Regarding bones, what is a process?

A

A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body

105
Q

Regarding bones, what is a facet?

A

A joint is where two or more bones are joined

106
Q

Regarding bones, what is a fossa?

A
107
Q

What are the bones of the axial skeleton?

A
108
Q

What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?

A
109
Q

What are the bones of the skull?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Sphenoid
  3. Ethmoid
  4. Occipital
  5. Parietal
  6. Temporal
110
Q

What are the bones of the upper arm?

A
  1. Humerus
  2. Radial
  3. Ulna
111
Q

What are the bones of the forearm?

A
112
Q

What are the bones of the thigh?

A
  1. Femur
  2. Patella
113
Q

What are the bones of the leg?

A
  1. Medial Tibula
  2. Lateral Fibula
114
Q

What are the bones of the foot?

A
  1. Tarsals
  2. Metatarsals
  3. Phalanges
115
Q

What are the bones of the hand?

A
116
Q

Can you name two long bones?

A
117
Q

Can you name two short bones?

A
118
Q

Can you name two flat bones?

A

Skull and

119
Q

Can you name two bones that are irregular?

A

Spinal Vertabrae and Sacrum

Anatomy And Physiology (1 decks)

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