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Kin 477 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Childhood changes in adipose tissue

A
  • At birth, adipose tissue accounts for 1.1 lb of weight
  • Rapid increase in the first 6 postnatal months. (Hyperplasia)
  • Gradual increases in both boys and girls until age 8.
  • Fat weight during the growing years increases both by hypertrophy & hyperplasia.
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2
Q

Childhood Distribution of Fat

A

• During childhood, internal fat increases faster than subcutaneous fat. • Subcutaneous fat decreases during childhood until age 6 or

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3
Q

Childhood Impact of exercise on body composition

A

Two groups of children ages 2-5. One group attended physical education classes and the other did not participate in any physical training program. Children in the physical education classes had lower levels of subcutaneous fat.

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4
Q

Adolescence Changes in Adipose System

A

• Rapid increase during early adolescence in both boys and girls.

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5
Q

adolescent boys changes in adipose system

A

Adipose tissue continues to increase gradually •Adult men have 22 lbs of fat weight

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6
Q

adolescent girls changes in adipose system

A

Experience a more dramatic increase in adipose tissue during adolescence.

  • Adult women have 30.9 lbs of fat weight.
  • significant increases in cell size during puberty
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7
Q

Adolescence Distribution of Fat

A

• Boys and girls increase in subcutaneous fat from age 6 or 7 until age 12 or 13’

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8
Q

Adolescence Boys Distribution of Fat

A

Lose subcutaneous fat in mid adolescence
• Boys add more subcutaneous fat to their trunk than their limbs

Lose subcutaneous fat in mid adolescence

Girls: This increase in subcutaneous fat continues in girls.
• Have increased subcutaneous fat in trunks and limbs, and more subcutaneous fat to their legs than arms

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9
Q

Adulthood distribution of fat

A
  • Body fat redistributes with aging. Subcutaneous fat on the limbs tends to decrease while internal fat in the abdomen tends to increase
  • This is significant because abdominal fat has been associated with a higher risk of cardio vascular disease.
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10
Q

Impact of exercise on body composition in children

A

Two groups of children ages 2-5. One group attended physical education classes and the other did not participate in any physical training program. Children in the physical education classes had lower levels of subcutaneous fat.

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11
Q

The Parizkova Studies ( impact of exercise for adolescence)

A

Boys: at 14.7 years the children in the most active group increased total body mass while their absolute level of fat weight remained the same, hence the fat proportion of their total weight decreased. Increase in lean body mass accounted for the increase in total body mass.

  • Boys in the inactive group increased in absolute fat weight.
  • Physical activity has a favorable effect on boys during the growing years by increasing lean body mass and minimizing addition of fat weight.
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12
Q

The Parizkova Studies ( impact of exercise on adolescent girls)

A

Girls: The active group remained at the same level of subcutaneous fat during the five-year study.

The control group gained a significant amount of weight.

The active girls increased in weight (fat declined and lean body mass increased)

• Research shows same general relationship between body composition and activity levels in both boys and girls.

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13
Q

Adulthood impact of exercise.

A
  • In middle age, the average adult loses fat-free body mass and increases fat= body weight increases because the proportion of body weight that is fat increases.
  • Middle and older aged adults who exercise tend to maintain their muscle and fat masses.
  • Exercise can impact body composition in two ways; it can increase fat free mass or decrease fat.
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14
Q

Older Adulthood Impact of exercise on body composition

A
  • Middle and older aged adults who exercise tend to maintain their muscle and fat masses.
  • Older adults can increase muscle mass with resistance training and decrease fat weight with endurance training, but individuals are variable with the amount of change.
  • 15 men between 60 and 82 in a 6-month endurance-training program. Over the 6 months their body fat had a small decrease, but the loss of fat in specific trunk locations was large.
  • This is significant because of the association between trunk fat and increased cardio vascular risk.
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15
Q

What two types of tissue is body composition made up of ?

A
  1. Lean tissue
  2. fat adipose tissue
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16
Q

What contributes to the rapid gains in brain weight during the first year after birth?

A

The increase in size of the neurons, further branching to form synapes, and an increase in glia and myelin

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17
Q

How big is the brain at birth ?

A

25% of adult weght and grows rapidly until age 4 and it reaches 80%

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18
Q

Neurogenisis

A

the division and propagation of neurons

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19
Q

hyperplasia

A

is an increase in absolute numberr of cells

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20
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

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21
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

direction of growth beginning at the head and extending toward the lower body

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22
Q

Proximodistal

A

direction of growth from the body toward the extremities

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23
Q

plasticity

A

is the modification or malleability in regard to the growth

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24
Q

Congenital defects

A

anomalies present at birth, regardless of whether their causes are genetic or extrinsic.

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25
Q

teratogen

A

any drug or chemical agent that causes abnormal develoment in fetus upon exposure

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26
Q

Anthropometry

A

the science of the measurement of the human physical form

27
Q

physiological maturation

A

the developmental process leading to a state of full functioning

28
Q

What is physical growth?

A

I ncrease in size or body mass resulting from an increase in complete, already formed body parts.
Notice the first word in this definition, INCREASE, this means decreases in size do not count as physical growth

29
Q

Name 3 anthropometric measures

A

Height, weight, segment length, body breadth, circumference

30
Q

anthropometry

A

the science of the measurement of the human physical form

31
Q

What kind of constraint does physical growth represent?

A

Structural Constraints

32
Q

Physical Growth

A

Influenced by genetic and extrinsic factors

Universality vs. Variability

33
Q

Teratogen

A

Any drug or chemical agent that causes abnormal development in a fetus upon exposure.

34
Q

Sigmoid (or S-shaped) pattern of postnatal body development

A
  1. Rapid growth after birth
  2. Gradual but steady growth during childhood
  3. Rapid growth during early adolescence
  4. Leveling off in adulthood
    ** This represents universality
    Timing of spurts and steady periods can vary among individuals
    This represents variability

Timing differs between sexes

35
Q

Prenatal growth reflects

A

cephalocaudal and
proximodistal directions

36
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

The direction of growth beginning at the head and extending toward the lower body.
The head and facial structures grow fastest, followed by the upper body, and then the slow growing lower body

37
Q

Proximodisal

A

The direction of growth proceeding from the body towards the extremities. The trunk tends to advance, then the nearest parts of the limbs, and finally the distal parts of the limbs.

38
Q

what percent of body weight does the head account for at birth and as an adult

A

At birth, the legs are 3/8 of their total height, and ½ of the adult height.
At birth, the head accounts for ¼ of total height, and as an adult only 1/8 of their total height

39
Q

Age At Take-Off

A

When the adolescent growth spurt begins
On the velocity curve, the you begin to see a dramatic increase in height first begin.

40
Q

Peak Height Velocity (PHV):

A

Period of time when someone is growing the fastest. On the velocity curve, you will see a peak, and then deceleration right after because they are no longer growing as fast.

41
Q

Peak Weight Velocity:

A

Period of time When someone is gaining weight the fastest.

42
Q

Menarche

A

A girl’s first period

43
Q

Age at takeoff

A

9 female, 11 male

44
Q

PHV age

A

11.5-12 female 13.5- 14 for male

45
Q

Growth sput tappers at what age for females

A

14

46
Q

growthspurt tappers off at what age

A

17

47
Q

Increase in height ends at what age for female

A

16

48
Q

Increase in heights end for males at what age

A

18

49
Q

Average growth per year for for females

A

8cm

50
Q

Average growth per yearfor males

A

9cm

51
Q

Adult Height

A

Height decreases slightly over the adult years.
Compression of connective tissue- cartilage pads between the vertebrae in the spinal column

52
Q

Adult Weight

A

Older adults sometimes lose weight
Reflects loss of muscle tissue

53
Q

physiological maturation

A

Developmental process leading to s state of full function. A qualitative increase.

54
Q

Name the 3 methods to assess maturation

A
  1. Dental Eruption Easy: to see, but limited to 2 periods of time
  2. Secondary Sex Characteristics: Not always visible, but represent puberty
  3. Skeletal Maturation (x-ray): Need special equipment but is the most accurate way to assess
55
Q

What happens to the nervous system in older adult hood?

A

loss in function in nervous system which would mean a loss in respponse time phyisically and cognitivly

56
Q

What gender differences do you see in strength during child hood?

A
  • Throughout childhood boys will be stronger than girls of the same height
57
Q

what gender differences do you see in muscular strength during adolecence?

A
  • boys have a spurt of increased growth at age 13
  • Women posses 60-80% of the strength of a man
58
Q

Primary Ossification

A

Mid-portion of the shafts of long bones where bone cells are formed . They ossify from the center outward to form bone shafts.

59
Q

Secondary Ossification

A

Areas near the ends of long bones where new bone cells are deposited so that the bones grow in length. (growth plates)

60
Q

Appositional Bone Growth

A

Involves the addition of new bone layers on previously formed layers so that a bone grows in girth.

61
Q

Postnatal Development skeletal development

A

Postnatal bone growth in length occurs at secondary ossification centers at the end of the bone shaft.

62
Q

Prenatal Development skeletal development

A
  • Cartilage model (0-8 weeks prenatal)

400 ossification centers have appeared by birth
Primary Ossification Centers begin forming 2 months prenata

63
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone mineral density significantly below the average; loss of done strength.

Kin 477 (3 decks)

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