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BIO > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Phospholipid bi layer

A

Also known as the cell membrane plasma embrace ore fluid mosaic

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2
Q

Types of membrane proteins

A 
Transport proteins
Receptor proteins
Enzymes
Cell identity markers
Cell to cell connections
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3
Q

Transport proteins

A

A signal molecule reacts with the membrane and crosses the membrane entering the cell

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4
Q

Receptor proteins

A

A signal binds to the external surface of the membrane and causes an internal response but the signal does not cross the membrane

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5
Q

Enzymes

A

Control al chemical reactions

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6
Q

Basic structure of all membrane proteins

A

All membrane proteins have a hydrophobic center and two hydrophilic ends. This chemical similarity to the phospholipid by layer keeps the proteins anchored within the membrane

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7
Q

Methods of transport

A

Passive transport and active transport

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8
Q

Passive transport

A

Requires no energy, movement from high to low

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9
Q

Active transport

A

Requires an input of energy, movement from low concentration to high.

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10
Q

Characteristics of Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive, specific, saturates

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11
Q

Facilitated diffusion

Passive

A

Requires no energy

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12
Q

Facilitated diffusion

Specific

A

Uses very specific carrier proteins that will only allow the correct molecules to enter.

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13
Q

Facilitated diffusion

Saturates

A

There are only so many carrier proteins in each cell

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14
Q

Direct diffusion

A

A molecule entering the cell passively but without a membrane protein

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15
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane through a water specific protein.

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16
Q

Active transport

The na k pump

A

Interior na binds to the pump
This causes atp to bind to the pump in the interior of the cell
ATP provides the pump the energy to move the na ions out of the cell against the concentration gradient
With the pump open to the exterior, exterior k now bids to the pump
The binding of the k makes the pump close
The closing of the pump releases the left behinds p which causes the pump to open to the interior releasing the k.
The pump is now ready to bind more Na

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17
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

Proton pump

A

Using small amounts of energy the proton pump moves H+ ions against the concentration gradient creating a high concentration gradient. This high concentration gradient creates stored potential energy.

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18
Q

ATPsynthase

A

An enzyme that can utilize the stored potential energy in the gradient to charge up an adp molecule into a high energy atp molecule.

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19
Q

Chemiosmosis and electron transport

A

A process that produces ATP. Chemiosmosis is the action of both the proton pump and atpsynthase.

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20
Q

Endycytosis

A

This type of transport is active but does not us a membrane protein but rather an in-folding of the cell membrane forming a vesicle.

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21
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The passage of large molecules or bacteria into the cell.

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22
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The passage of small molecules and ions into the cell

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23
Q

Exocytosis

A

An internal vesicle fuses with the membrane releasing its contents out of the cell

24
Q

4 ways to send a signal

A

Direct contact, paracrine, endocrine,synaptic

25
Q

Direct contact

A

Direct physical contact between two cells

26
Q

Paracrine

A

Short term or short lived signals that target cells close by

27
Q

Endocrine

A

Long lasting signal that \target cells far away in the body

28
Q

Synaptic

A

Nerve to nerve neurotransmitters

29
Q

3 ways to receive a signal

A

Gated ion channel
Enzymatic receptor
G protein linked receptor

30
Q

Gated ion channel

A

This connects the exterior of the cell with the interior. A specific signal molecule binds to a specific gated channel. This binding causes the gate to open and allow through a specific molecule to enter the cell.

31
Q

Enzymatic receptor

A

The binding of an external signal causes the activation of an internal enzyme

32
Q

G protein linked receptor

A

An exterior signal binds to the protein . This causes the internal G protein to become active and detach. The now active G protein causes the release of numerous second messengers. The two most common second messengers are calcium and cAMP (cyclic AMP)

33
Q

Enzymes

A

Control chemical reactions

34
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Responsible for the specific cell ID needed for immunity

35
Q

Glycolipids

A

Responsible for more general cell ID like that of blood type

36
Q

Cell to cell connections

Tight junctions

A

These bind cells together so that no unauthorized passage is possible. Only specific molecules can enter through specific proteins. These are very common in the intestine

37
Q

Anchoring or adhering junctions

A

These are the most common in a body. They are loose, flexible connections.

38
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Holes found in the cell wall of plants that allow passage between cells

39
Q

Gap junctions

A

Very specific hole found only in heart cells. These holes allow the rapid transfer of the signal that causes the heart to beat.

40
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy

41
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

42
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

This states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only change state. Each change of state is not 100% efficient and a small amount is lost as radiant heat.

43
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

This stat states that entropy of randomness is increasing. Spontaneous changes convert more ordered/less stable state to a less ordered/more stable state.

44
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

The amount of energy in a molecule available for work. Delta refers to “a change in”.

45
Q

Delta g

A

Change in the amount of Gibbs free energy.

46
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Delta-G positive

47
Q

Exergonic

A

Delta G is negative

48
Q

Active site

A

Refers to the region on the enzyme that physically binds with the substrate.

49
Q

Regulation of enzyme activity

Competitive inhibition

A

Is when another molecule directly competes with the substrate for binding to the active site

50
Q

Non competitive inhibition

A

When a molecule binds to another site on the enzyme called the allosteric site. This results in preventing the initial substrates from binding to the enzyme at the active site but this molecule is different from the shape of the active site.

51
Q

Multi enzyme complex

A

Where several enzymes work together in a multi step reaction.

52
Q

Benefits of a multi enzyme complex

A

The entire reaction is controlled from start to finish
No lost reactions
No side reactions with other molecules.

53
Q

Biochemical pathway

A

Another name for multi enzyme complex

54
Q

Autotrophic organisms

A

Convert energy into a useful form by themselves.

55
Q

Heterotrophic organisms

A

Must ingest food, another organism.

56
Q

Light dependent reaction

A

Occurs on the thylakoids membrane

57
Q

Light independent reaction

A

Occurs in the storms

BIO (11 decks)

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