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Herpetology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Amphibians in freshwater

A
  • hyperosmotic

- actively sequester ions via gills and skin

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2
Q

Amphibians in brackish water

A
  • Hypo-osmotic

- most amphibians would dehydrate in ocean water

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3
Q

How do spadefoots survive by being underground for 9 months a year

A
  • start with a full bladder of dilute urine
  • for first 7 months, their plasma and urine conc dont change
  • for las 2-3 months, soil dries, toads ramp up their plasma osmolality and continue to extract moisture from soil
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4
Q

Cutaneous drinking

A
  • dermal absorption of water
  • primarily through the seat patch or pelvic patch or venter
  • amphibians
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5
Q

Salamander grooves and annuli

A
  • Costal grooves

- grooves and wrinkles on ventrum draw water from a wet surface up onto animal through capillary action

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6
Q

Water gains

A
  • liquid water
  • performed water
  • metabolic water
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7
Q

Water loss

A
  • evaporation
  • urine and feces
  • salt glands
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8
Q

Ammonotelic

A

-in aquatic env

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9
Q

Ureotelic

A

-in moist terrestrial env

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10
Q

Uricotelic

A

-in arid env

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11
Q

Aestivation

A

-dormancy and cocoon formation of dead epidermis or encapsulating dried mucous

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12
Q

Biogeography

A

-past and present distribution of animals

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13
Q

What is preformed water

A

-water that is derived from dietary components like starch, fat, protein

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14
Q

Metabolic rate in reptiles and amphibians

A

-generally low

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15
Q

O2 consumption rate in herps

A

-10-20% of similarly sized endothermic animals

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16
Q

Why do herps require much less energy overall

A

-lower resting rates and not at active temps much of the time

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17
Q

rank the metabolic rate of anurans, salamanders, and reptiles

A

salamanders < anurans < reptiles

-carnivores > herbivores

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18
Q

benefits of lower energy requirements

A
  • lizards and snakes can go months without food between nesting seasons of birds
  • geckos can store 9 months worth of food in 4 days of feeding
  • spadefoot toads are active during summer and can spend 9 months underground
  • lower energy requirements allow dependence on temporally clumped resources
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19
Q

Less oxygen required allows….

A
  • animals to survive longer in anoxic env

- iguanas can escape predators by jumping into water and staying submerged for more than 30 min

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20
Q

red or dark meat

A

-muscles that rely primarily on oxidative respiration

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21
Q

Aerobic pathway: Cellular respiration/Oxidative metabolism

A
  • break down of food into cellular energy
  • oxygen and glucose must be transported thorough body
  • efficient production of ATP per unit glycogen
  • slow response time
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22
Q

Anaerobic: glycosis

A
  • conversts cellular glycogen into lactic acid and ATP without the need for oxygen
  • very fast at making small amounts of ATP
  • build up of lactic acid
  • temperature independent white muscle (light meat)
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23
Q

Variation in aerobic scope

A
  • sit and wait predators have lower aerobic scopes than pursuit predators
  • Anuran jumbers have a higher aerobic scope than hoppers (Rana vs Bufo)
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24
Q

What is the aerobic scope

A

-the difference between resting and peak metabolic rates

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25
Q

Costs of anaerobiosis

A
  • animal is quickly depleted (often after 2-3 min)

- recovery via breakdown or conversion of lactic acid can last hours to days

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26
Q

How do gases cross moist cell membranes

A

-gases can only cross cell membranes when they are dissolved in water or an aqueous solution

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27
Q

Gas exchange

A
  • all amphibians and some reptiles can use both air and water as a respiratory medium
  • requires a moist membrane
  • drying of membranes is always a problem
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28
Q

Sites of gas exchange

A
  • lungs (pulmonary) all reptiles, many amph

- surface of skin, pharynx, cloaca (nonpulmonary)

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29
Q

lungs and respiratory movements of turtles (pulmonary)

A
  • negative pressure ventilation
  • involves increasing volume of thoracic cavity to create negative pressure
  • leads to a passive influx of air
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30
Q

Buccal pump (pulmonary)

A
  • positive pressure ventilation
  • used by amphibians with lungs
  • involves the glottis, expanding and contracting of buccal cavity, and lungs
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31
Q

Snake pulmonary respiration (pulmonary)

A
  • no diaphragm
  • narrow rib cage to push air out and then widening it again
  • apnea occurs after each breathing cycle
  • mostly right lung
32
Q

Gas exchange in aquatic species

A
  • running water carries CO2 away and brings oxygenated water in contact with skin
  • skin folds are used as gas-exchange structures
33
Q

Skin appendages

A
  • external lung hair-like filaments
  • appear during mating season when oxygen demands are high
  • can be used to supply eggs guarded by male
34
Q

cutaneous respiration in reptiles

A
  • up to 30% total gas exchange
  • via scale hinge-interscaler spaces in lizards, snakes, turtles
  • all gas exchange in seasnakes is cutaneous
35
Q

Buccopharynx

A
  • minor surface for normal respiration

- vital for long term submergence in some species like hibernation

36
Q

Cloaca

A

-used in some turtles for gas exchange when submerged

37
Q

Sites of gas exchange (pulmonary vs nonpulmonary)

A
  • Pulmonary: lungs, negative-pressure ventilation

- Non-pulmonary: skin, gills, pharynx, cloaca

38
Q

External fertilization in salamanders

A
  • eggs
  • ancestral condition
  • sirenidae, cryptobranchidae, hynobiidae
39
Q

Internal fertilization in salamanders

A
  • ~90% of sal spp
  • most produce spermatophores
  • males attempt to interests a female to pick up sperm packet with their cloaca
40
Q

Pheromones in salamanders

A
  • used for reproduction
  • increase female receptivity
  • scratching pheromone delivery by two lined sal
41
Q

sperm storage by salamanders

A
  • accomplished by females in specialized tubules
  • leads to possibility of sperm competition
  • flexibility in terms of female mate choice
  • greater sexual selection may lead to evolution of courtship
42
Q

Egg symbioses

A
  • local phenomenon involving a unicellular green algae
  • found in stagnant water and soils
  • extremely abundant in inner envelope of eggs and gives egg masses a green hue
43
Q

elements of egg symbioses

A
  • -algae produces O2
  • algae consume CO2 and N-rich waste produced by developing embryo
  • increases fitness and protection against bacteria
44
Q

Heterochrony

A

-the difference between timing of development between an ancestral form and a derived one

45
Q

Cause of heterochrony

A

-delayed secretion of the thyroid hormone thyroxine delays metamorphosis

46
Q

Neoteny

A
  • the retention of juvenille features in the adult animal

- commonly in Notophthalmus and Amybstoma

47
Q

When can neoteny become viable

A

-in populations inhabiting permanent aquatic habitats where fishes are rare or absent

48
Q

All anurans have _____ fertilization

A
  • external (amplexus)

- internal in only a few spp

49
Q

secondary sexual characteristics in anurans

A
  • changes in coloration

- nuptial pad (helps male grasp around female)

50
Q

Prolonged breeders

A
  • permanent habitats and social systems predicated on female choice
  • Green frogs and bullfrogs
51
Q

Explosive breeders

A
  • ephemeral habitats and spp whose reproduction is strongly cued by environmental stimuli
  • males may emit release calls when amplexed by another male
  • wood frogs, spadefoots
52
Q

Communal dumping

A
  • wood frogs lay their eggs together
  • suns rays increase egg temperatures 3-5 degrees C above the surrounding temp
  • promotes tiny water currents through the egg masses increasing the availability of oxygen
53
Q

anuran reproduction in tropics

A
  • incredibly diverse
  • trend towards terrestriality
  • on leaves over water
  • foam nests
54
Q

Parental care in anurans

A
  • female dorsal pouch (Gastrotheca spp)
  • eggs embedded in back (pipa pipa)
  • carried in male vocal sacs (Darwin’s frog)
55
Q

Reproduction in caecilians

A
  • internal fertilization via phallodeum

- can be viviparous (~75%) or oviparous

56
Q

Parental care in caecillians

A

-Dermatophagy: in oviparous spp – young feed on mothers enriched skin cells

57
Q

ALL reptiles have ____ fertilization

A

-internal

58
Q

Hydraulic intromittent organs

A

-hemipenes in squamates

59
Q

hemipenes

A
  • paired evaginations in the wall of the cloaca that are everted to expose a complex surface
  • one is used at a time
  • has spines or hooks used as anchors
60
Q

Sperm storage

A
  • known in all reptile groups

- especially common among turtles

61
Q

Oviparity

A
  • egg laying
  • al turtles and crocs
  • some squamates
62
Q

Viviparity

A
  • live bearing
  • only in squamates (snakes, lizards, and amphibaenids)
  • has evolved independently at least 103 times
63
Q

Reptile eggs

A
  • huge size variation among species (300g to .1 g)

- has two layers

64
Q

Reptile egg structure

A
  • Embryo
  • Amnion: cushion membrane
  • Yolk sac: nutrition
  • Allantois: waste sac
  • Chorion: membrane immediately inside shell
  • Albumin: egg white
  • Shell: hard or leathery
65
Q

Egg teeth

A
  • assists in hatching by splitting the inner membrane and cracking the outer membrane of the egg
  • it is not a true tooth and is resorbed
66
Q

Cold env hypothesis for viviparity

A

-viviparity is increasingly common where the env is too cold or growing season is too short to allow normal development

67
Q

Sex determination in reptiles

A
  • genetic in most species

- mot turtles, crocs, tuatara, some squamates have temp sex determination

68
Q

Type Ia TSD

A

-more femles than males are produced at higher temps

69
Q

Type Ib TSD

A

-more males than females are produced at higher temps

70
Q

Type II

A

Females are produced at low and high incubation tempes with males at intermediate temps

71
Q

Female temp determination

A
  • enzyme aromatase induced

- converts testosterone to estradiol which triggers more estrogen production

72
Q

Male temp determination

A
  • enzyme 5-reductase induced

- testosterone > dihydrotestosterone > testes development

73
Q

Parental care

A
  • nearly all crocs
  • few squamates
  • rare in turtles
74
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • reproduction without sex
  • asexual
  • desert grassland whiptail lizard
75
Q

Pseudocopulation

A
  • Aspidoscelis uniparens
  • one female plays the role of the male
  • increases gonadal activity
76
Q

Flower pot snake

A
  • Ramphotyphlops braminus
  • invasiv
  • a single female can start an entire new population

Herpetology (8 decks)

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