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Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Dendrite

A

RECIEVES IMPULSE and transmits to cell body

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2
Q

Clusters of neurons

A

CNS- nuclei

PNS- ganglia

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3
Q

Astrocytes

A

Assist in nourishment of blood brain barrier (CNS)

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4
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytic cell of CNS

ingests dead/damaged tissue

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5
Q

Epindymal cells

A

Line the ventricles of the brain

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6
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

make myelin sheath in CNS

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7
Q

Schwann cells

A

makes myelin sheath for satellite cells

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8
Q

Satellite cells

A

surround cell bodies to support and supply nourishment in PNS

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9
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

has myelin on axon

faster

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10
Q

Continuous conduction

A

no myelin on axon
constantly depolarizing and reaching AP
takes longer than saltatory

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11
Q

A fibers

A

most heavily myelinated

detects sharp stabbing pain

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12
Q

B fibers

A

intermediate amount of myelin

detects moderate pain

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13
Q

C fibers

A

very little to no myelin
slow conductor
detects aching pain like visceral pain in organs

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14
Q

of spinal cord segments

A

31 segments

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15
Q

conus medullaris

A

L1-L2

terminal part of spinal cord

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16
Q

cauda equina

A

horse’s tail

nerve fibers

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17
Q

Filum terminale

A

CT that anchors spinal cord

Modification of pia mater

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18
Q

Epidural space

A

contains fat

superficial to dura mater

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19
Q

Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

A 
between L3 and L4 or L4 and L5
use iliac crest as anatomical landmark
Subcutaneous tissue
posterior ligament
dura mater
arachnoid mater
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20
Q

SAME DAVE

A

Sensory-Dorsal
Afferent (uni-polar)
Motor-Ventral
Efferent (multi-polar)

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21
Q

Meisnner’s corpuscles

A

sense light pressure

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22
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

sense deep pressure

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23
Q

Golgi tendon

A

sense change in muscle tension

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24
Q

Stretch reflex

A

one synapse

two neurons

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25
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A

two synapses

two neurons and interneuron

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26
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

detect position

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27
Q

31 pairs of spinal nerves

A

C1 does not leave spinal cord, goes through foramen magnum to brain

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28
Q

Dermatomes

A

in order to lose full sensation you have to damage three dermatomes
T10=umbilicus

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29
Q

4 major plexuses

A

cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral

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30
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C1-C4

Phrenic nerve=C3, C4, C5

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31
Q

Enlargements

A

cervical and lumbar

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32
Q

Frontal lobe

A

motor
Area 4
precentral gyrus

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33
Q

Parietal lobe

A

sensory
Area 3, 1, 2
postcentral gyrus

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34
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory

Area 41, 42

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35
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision

Area 17, 18, 19

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36
Q

Brocca’s area

A

speech

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37
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

speech comprehension

written word

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38
Q

Homunculi

A

Feet in medial portion of brain

Face in lateral portion

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39
Q

Internal carotid

A

Middle cerebral a.-lateral portion of brain (upper limbs)

Anterior cerebral a.-middle of brain (lower limbs)

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40
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

branch to create Circle of Willis

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41
Q

Choroid plexus

A

filters blood to create CSF

CSF is produced in all the ventricles

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42
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A

absorb and drain CSF

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43
Q

Drainage of CSF

A 
Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Subarachnoid space
Dural sinus
Internal jugular
"Losers take chem for science"
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44
Q

Pons

A

respiratory center

bridge to cerebellum

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45
Q

medulla

A

cardio and respiratory center

decussation

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46
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay center except for smell

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47
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

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48
Q

hypothalamus

A

superior to midbrain

sleep/wake cycle, eating, hunger

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49
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates movement, balance

DOESN’T INITIATE MOVEMENT

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50
Q

Basal ganglia

A

adult: initiates movement
baby: controls movement
substantia nigra-gross motor movement (defect=Parkinsons’)

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51
Q

Sensory pathway

A

Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus

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52
Q

UMN Lesion

A

spastic paralysis
reflexes intact
Babinski response

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53
Q

Upper motor neuron

A

entire neuron remains in CNS and synapse on lower motor neuron

54
Q

LMN Lesion

A

flaccid paralysis
absent reflexes
muscles atrophy

55
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

cell bodies start in CNS but leave to synapse on skeletal muscle fibers

56
Q

CN acronym

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

57
Q

Trochlear

A

motor

eye muscle movement

58
Q

Trigeminal

A

both motor and sensory
jaw region
chewing muscles

59
Q

Abducens

A

motor

eye muscle movement

60
Q

Facial

A

both motor and sensory
part of tongue (taste)
facial expressions (muscles)
“taste is in the face”

61
Q

Vestibulocochlear

A

sensory

hearing and balance

62
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

both motor and sensory
taste
salivary glands and pharynx

63
Q

Vagus

A

both motor and sensory

all visceral organs

64
Q

Accessory

A

motor
voice box
sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

65
Q

Hypoglossal

A

motor

muscles of tongue

66
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A 
CNS
short (sympathetic)
67
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A 
PNS
long (sympathetic)
68
Q

ANS vs SNS

A

ANS has 2 neurons (pre and post ganglionic)

SNS has 1 neuron (motor unit, nerve and all muscle fibers it innervates)

69
Q

Sympathetic neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

70
Q

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

71
Q

Thoracolumbar

A

Fight of Flight

Sympathetic

72
Q

Craniosacral

A

Rest and Digest

Parasympathetic

73
Q

Position of heart in chest

A

45 degree rotation to left

caudal tilt

74
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

attached to heart and diaphragm

75
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

same as epicardium

76
Q

Fossa ovale

A

RA (interatrial septum)

77
Q

Coronary sinus

A

RA

drains blood from coronary circulation

78
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A 
SA node=pacemaker
Internodal pathways
AV node (lower RA)
Bundle of His (interventricular septum) aka AV bundle
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers (wrap around heart)
79
Q

Tricuspid/Bicuspid valves

A

open and close due to pressure gradients in atrium

80
Q

Semilunar valves

Aortic and pulmonary

A

open and close according to pressure gradients in ventricles

81
Q

Diastole

A

Ventricles relax

Semilunar closed

82
Q

Systole

A

Both ventricles contract

AV valves closed

83
Q

First heart sound

A

closing of AV valves

84
Q

Second heart sound

A

Closing of semilunar valves

85
Q

Coronary aa.

A

First branches off of aorta

86
Q

Left coronary a.

A

supplies left atrium (circumflex branch)

and anterior ventricles (left anterior descending OR anterior interventricular branch)

87
Q

Right coronary a.

A

supplies RA and lateral side of heart

88
Q

Capillaries

A

only have tunica interna

simple squamous epithelium

89
Q

Tunica media

A

where smooth muscle is located

middle layer of vessels

90
Q

Veins

A

lowest pressure which is why they contain valves to prevent backflow

91
Q

Aortic branches

A 
Coronary aa.
Brachiocephalic a.
Right subclavian a.
Right common carotid a.
Left common carotid a.
Left subclavian a.
92
Q

External carotid a.

A

supplies facial muscles

93
Q

Internal carotid a.

A

supplies brain

94
Q

Internal iliac a.

A

supplies pelvic region

95
Q

External iliac a.

A

supplies lower limbs

96
Q

of pulmonary veins

A

4 pulmonary veins (2 from each lung)

carry oxygenated blood

97
Q

Brachiocephalic vessels

A

2 brachiocephalic veins (left and right)

1 brachiocephalic artery (just the right)

98
Q

Median cubital v.

A

used for blood draw

99
Q

cephalic v. vs basilic v.

A

cephalic=lateral

basilic=medial

100
Q

Liver circulation

A

Blood enters the liver from 2 sources

Hepatic portal

101
Q

Celiac trunk

A

Splits into gastric, splenic, and hepatic arteries

102
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Run alongside blood vessels in loose CT

103
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

drains right side of head, right thorax, right upper limb

104
Q

Thoracic duct

A

drains the rest of body

105
Q

Factors affecting transport of lymph

A

contraction of skeletal muscle
negative pressure in thorax
valves

106
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T cells=destroy foreign material

B cells=produce antibodies

107
Q

Lymph node

A 
Structure:
fibrous capsule
afferent vessels
efferent vessels
reticular fibers
macrophages
108
Q

Germinal center in lymph node

A

where B cells develop

109
Q

Types of tonsils

A

Lingual
Nasopharyngeal (adenoids)-roof of nasopharynx
Palatine

110
Q

Thymus

A

bi-lobed
most active in youth
PRODUCTION OF T CELLS

111
Q

Lacteals

A

specialized lymph vessels on found in intestines that carry fat

112
Q

Red pulp

A

found in spleen

blood flowing

113
Q

White pulp

A

found in spleen

lymphatic tissue

114
Q

Plasma

A

liquid part of blood

55%

115
Q

Cellular elements of blood

A

45%

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

116
Q

RBC formation

A

infant=liver, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow

adult=red bone marrow

117
Q

Fibrinogen

A

forms fibrin

involved in blood clotting

118
Q

Important for blood clotting

A

Calcium, vit K

119
Q

Fibrinolytic system

A

body’s defense mechanism that breaks down clots

120
Q

Conjunctiva

A

outer layer of eye

121
Q

Sclera

A

whiter part of eye

CT that protects eye

122
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

secretes tears that cleanse the eye

123
Q

Ciliary body

A

focuses lens

124
Q

Aqueous humor

A

liquid portion of eye

125
Q

Vitreous humor

A

gel-like portion of eye

supports eye to keep its shape

126
Q

Cones

A

red, blue and green
concentrated in fovea
color and bright light

127
Q

Rods

A

dark light

much more abundant

128
Q

Semicircular canals

A

In inner ear

involved in balance

129
Q

Eustachian tube

A

pressure control in ear

130
Q

Organ of Corti

A

cochlea

hair cell receptors for hearing

Anatomy (3 decks)

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