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MMII > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fun fact

-over how many sq yards of carpet are installed annually

A

1.5 billion

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2
Q

what percent of floors in the US both comm. and res. are covered with carpet

A

over 70%

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3
Q

few materials can compete with carpets whats

A

acoustical, thermal or aseptic characteristics

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4
Q

natural carpet fibers

A
  • wool
  • silk
  • linen
  • cotton
  • sisal
  • abaca
  • jute
  • seagrass
  • coir
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5
Q

wool (pros+cons)

A

pros: can be soft , resilient, easily bleached/dyed, naturally stain resistant (not proof), natural flame resistant, ages well
cons: expensive compared to other fibers, subject to static electricity

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6
Q

silk (pros+cons)

A

pros: great luster, naturally flame resistant
cons: even more expensive than wool, not resilient or durable enough for commercial use, dry clean only

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7
Q

Linen (pros+cons)

A

pros: strong, can have luster, dyes well
cons: can’t be cleaned with water (flatten and mat) not flame resistant

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8
Q

cotton (pros+cons)

A

pros: soft and dyeable
cons: subject to wear, will stain easily , not flame resistant must be cleaned per manufactures instructions

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9
Q

Sisal, Abaca, Seagrass, Jute, Coir (flat woven, no pile) (pros+cons)

A

pros: can be dyed but typically stay natural
cons: poor resilience, brown with sunlight, subject to pests, degraded/stained by water, can be prickly

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10
Q

synthetic carpet fibers

A

nylon, polypropylene aka olefin, acrylic, polyester

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11
Q

nylon (pros+cons)

A

pros: most durable fiber for abrasion resistance, resists: mildew, moths, mold, waterborne stains
cons: said to ugly out before it wears out, subject to static electricity

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12
Q

polypropylene (pros+cons)

A

pros: good stain/fade resistance, durable against abrasions, inexpensive
cons: flattens in high traffic areas, affinity to oil borne stains

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13
Q

acrylic (pros+cons)

A

pros: soft, resilient, resistant to fading
cons: low abrasion and can pill

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14
Q

polyester (pros+cons)

A

pros: soft, dyes well, resists fading
cons: poor resilience/ crushing (needs very high density yarns to overcome)

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15
Q

construction methods

A

-BCF
-staple fiber
-tufting
-weaving
not as important to know:
-fusion
-knitting
-needle punched
-flocking

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16
Q

BCF

A

bulk continuous filament, (nylon and Olefin) long filaments of fiber that are piled together to form continuous strands

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17
Q

staple fiber

A

(polyester, wool, cotton, some nylon) yarns that are produced in short lengths spun and twisted together to form long threads of yarn tufted into carpets
-can shed carpet fibers for a period of time after installation notices after vacuuming

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18
Q

tufting

A

yarns are pulled through a primary backing and stabilized a secondary backing (most common for residential and commercial)

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19
Q

weaving

A

simultaneous construction of the face and backing (preferred for high traffic areas but expensive)

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20
Q

tufting terms

A
  • loop pile (level loop, multi-level loop)
  • cut pile (velvet plush, saxony, frieze)
  • cut loop (islands)
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21
Q

gauge

A

distance between the needles

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22
Q

stitch rate or stitches per inch

A

number of times per inch a stick occurs

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23
Q

pile height

A

the length of the tuft from the backing to the tip

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24
Q

face, ounce weight

A

the weight go the carpet fiber per square yard of carpet as measured in ounces

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25
Q

density

A

how closely together the fibers are tufted into the carpet backing

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26
Q

modular tiles

A
  • typically cut from broadloom carpet with PVC backing
  • typically 18”x36”
  • easy replacement
  • may be installed with adhesive, peel and stick, loose laid, or set with release adhesive
  • backing is a moisture barrier between the pile yarn and subfloor
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27
Q

dyeing methods

A 
-pre-dyed 
solution dyeing 
stock dyeing 
skin dyeing 
space dyeing 
-post-dyed 
beck 
piece 
continuous 
printing 
differential
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28
Q

solution dyeing

A

pre-dyed

soup that the synthetic fibers are made from is colored before materials is extruded into fiber, locks in color

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29
Q

stock dyeing

A

pre-dyed

fiber dumped into a vat and dyed before made into yarn

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30
Q

skin dyeing

A

pre-dyed

yarns are dyed, expensive

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31
Q

space dying

A

pre-dyed

random color distribution, yarn is wound and printed with three colors in stripes, multicolor

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32
Q

beck dyeing

A

post-dyed

dyed after tufting but before other finishing processes

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33
Q

piece dyeing

A

post-dyed

goods are dyed after the 2nd backing is applied, common for less dense carpet (residential)

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34
Q

continuous

A

post-dyed

rinsed and passed under dye applicator most common for solids

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35
Q

printing

A

post-dyed

sprayed with colors from ink jet printers

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36
Q

differential

A

post-dyed

yarn has been spun or chemically treated to react to dye differently and a dye bath is used

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37
Q

carpet baking

A

two types

  • primary: the basking the tufts are inserted into, can be made of jute, cotton, synthetics. most common is polypropylene
    secondary: a puddle of latex is poured and spread across the back of the primary backing and a secondary backing is applied to give the carpet dimensional stability
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38
Q

carpet padding

A

the firming the padding the less strain the carpet backing will have to endure

  • the softer padding the less crushing will occur on the face of the carpet
  • always check with manuf. recommendations
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39
Q

types of carpet padding

A
  • rebond
  • waffle rubber
  • slab rubber
  • foam
  • fiber
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40
Q

rebond carpet padding

A
  • most common
  • may be made from scraps of high density foams left over from furniture making
  • then chopped and bonded together
  • comes in various thickness and density
  • density is measured in pounds per cubic ft
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41
Q

waffle rubber carpet padding

A
  • the waffle part of the padding gives it a thickness that is mostly air
  • too soft for many of todays carpet s
  • rubber can break down with use
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42
Q

slab rubber carpet padding

A
  • does not contain bid ripples of air

- will resist furniture crushing for longer periods of time

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43
Q

foam carpet padding

A
  • made from urethane foam
  • comes in various types of density an thickness
  • dense pads provide good support and less dense feels more cushy under feet
  • can be new or recycled
  • can be low VOC frothed foam
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44
Q

fiber carpet padding

A
  • made from jute, hair, synthetic fiber or recycled textile fiber
  • fiber is felted
  • expensive
  • low toxicity
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45
Q

installing carpets

A

wall to wall carpet installation requires cutting and seaming diagrams before cuts can be made to the carpet roll

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46
Q

tackless installation

A
  • thin strips of wood with rows of small rings are nailed or glued around the perimeter of the area to be carpeted
  • padding is laid down and the carpet is stretched to the prongs
  • most common in residential
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47
Q

glue down installation

A
  • carpet with or without padding is glued directly to floor
  • double glue down means carpet is glue to pad and pad is to the floor
  • can be used in areas such as gym where equipment with be moved frequently
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48
Q

carpeting on stairs

A

hollywood: hits every part of step and riser
waterfall: stretches and does hit every part of riser

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49
Q

installing carpet tile

A
  • may be loose laid or glued down
  • the designer needs to specify positioning and arrangement of tiles. check with manuf.
  • avoid skinny slivers at perimeter
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50
Q

installation formats for carpet tiles

A 
ashlar 
brick 
diagonal  
monolithic 
quarter turn 
random
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51
Q

floating the floor underneath with a cement type of product is the best solution to have a level surface

A

true

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52
Q

sequence to installing carpet

A
  1. carpet is selected
  2. scaled plans are sent to the supplier whom you a requesting a bid from (from the designer/arch., client or general contractor)
  3. the supplier estimates the yardages and labor charges if they will also sin tall the goods. they will need the width, repeat and match
  4. installer with all need to know
    - have to move furn.?
    - tough to fit large rolls into space
    - radiant heated floor system?
    - adjacent flooring thicker resulting in ramping or floating floor?
    - is subfloor needs patched/reparied, leveled, or sealed?
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53
Q

flammability pill test

A

carpet should self extinguish if something burning falls on it

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54
Q

flammability radiant panel

A

carpet is burned under a flame under controlled conditions

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55
Q

smoke density

A

smoldering carpet produces more smoke than burning carpet

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56
Q

tuft bind

A

the amount of force required to pull out a loop

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57
Q

delamination

A

the amount of force needed to separate the primary backing from the secondary backing

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58
Q

abrasion

A

fuzzing, pilling, and abrasion test are preformed

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59
Q

dry breaking strength

A

pounds of pressure before a yarn ruptures

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60
Q

colorfastness

A

measured for effects of light, color rubbing off, cleaning agents, ozone, acid and gas fumes

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61
Q

static electricity

A

commercial carpet should not exceed 3 kilovolts and residential 5 k. special equipment may require less

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62
Q

green label

A

carpets and adhesive meet low emission of chemicals of concern

63
Q

criteria questions to ask

A

-is this a public space? fire codes and ada guidelines must be satisfied 4.5.3
-is this a special needs space?
(antimicrobial or antistatic carpet)
-is this space connected to the outdoors? (walk off mats)
-needs for visual organization and way finding? (color selections or pattern)
-sustainability? (select recycled material)
-how often will the space be reconfigured or will the space have uneven wear? (carpet tiles)
-will carpet abut other materials thicker or thinner? (transition details, ex. metal, vinyl, wood)

64
Q

more carpet questions

A
  • Will you specify a separate carpet cushion? Match cushion/backing with traffic flow.
  • Are there stairs in the space? Check carpet backing at 90 degrees.
  • Will you be trying to maximize daylight? Pale colors show soiling near daylight.
  • What are the lighting condition in the space? Dark colors soak up light and show dust.
  • Is the area exposed to harsh sunlight or chemicals? Specify fibers resistant to fading.
65
Q

glass

A
  • made of quartz sand and heat
  • ingred. can be altered to improve properties for specific uses
  • imprevious to staining
  • durable against scratching
  • depending on type can provide safety
  • determine properties needed such as: degree of light transmittance, strength, energy efficiency, and fire resistance
66
Q

properties: light transmittance

A
  • reg float glass allows 75 to 92 percent of light to be transmitted
  • glass can be treated to reduce (limit fading from UV, reduce heat gain, change color)
  • tint is not the same as film
67
Q

safety concerns

A
  • breakage
  • slipperiness
  • weight
  • hardware/frame/channel of install
  • requirements of type of glass per code/location
68
Q

types of glass

A
  • float
  • rolled
  • cast
  • tinted
  • tempered
69
Q

slab

A

stone pieces typically 1 3/4” - 2 1/4” thick and 5’ x 8’ in size

70
Q

variation

A

stone appearance can vary widely from one lot to the next, or event within the same slab, within the same stone species

71
Q

hardness

A

how hard a stone is in relationship to other stones

72
Q

sedimentary stone

A

built up over time by disintegration of animal, vegetable and mineral sources limestone and sandstone)

73
Q

metamorphic stone

A

minerals have undergone chemical alteration sure to the heat and pressure of being buried under the bath (slate, marble, quartz)

74
Q

stone finishes

A
  • travertine
  • flamed
  • leathered
  • sandblasted
  • hammered
  • tumbled
  • polished
  • chiseled
  • honed and filled
75
Q

common types of stone

A
  • granite
  • soapstone
  • marble
  • serpentine
  • travertine
  • slate
  • limestone
  • quartzite
  • onyx
76
Q

grant

A

crystalline/quartz structure

  • hard, dense and visually uniform
  • resists heat, cold, and acids
77
Q

soapstone

A
  • tough, durable, resists heat
  • talc and quartz
  • typically sealed with a mineral oil, makes it darker
78
Q

marble

A

recognized by its veined appearance

  • softer than granite, its recrystallized limestone
  • senstitive to acid, oil and scratches if polished
  • lots of variation within slabs
  • can get wild
79
Q

serpentine

A
  • harder than marble
  • dense
  • green black in color
  • if too thin it can warp in wet areas
  • typically polished or honed
  • used in chem labs a lot
80
Q

travertine

A

-dense limestone formed by materials deposited as hot springs bubbles up -cross-cut has holes in them, can be filled with resin or grout

81
Q

slate

A
  • many slates have a cleft face
  • face can chip or be proud smooth and even
  • parts of slate are hard but other can be soft, soak up stains, and scratch
  • may be top dressed with wax or acrylic in addition to top coat
82
Q

limestone

A

generally very soft, calcite based (shells)

  • can be etched by acids like OJ and cleaning agents
  • stil a durable building materials. can be shaped
83
Q

quartzite

A
  • hardest category of natural stone

- course, crystalline appearance

84
Q

onyx

A
  • a term applied to translucent varieties of many different types of stones. polished finish
  • typically veined quartz-can be back lit to glow
85
Q

ALL STONES GET A PENETRATING SEALANT

A

true

  • -protective formula applied
  • 2 maint types
  • enhanced ones to provide UV protection or color enhancements
  • have to be reapplied periodically
  • cleaning stone properly is critical
86
Q

two main types of penetrating sealant

A
  • penetrating sealant: soaks into the material
  • topdressing sealant: forms a protective skin on top of the stone. often a wax-type that can be stripped/removed if it gets stained/ damaged and then re-applied
87
Q

selection criteria

A
  • abrasion resistance
  • impact resistance
  • soiling
  • staining
  • heat
  • acoustics
  • price
  • maintenacne
  • desired thickness, polish and match of panels
  • installation
  • stones natural char.: porosity, holes, veins, etc.
88
Q

clay (tiles)

A

mined from the earth. come in natural variety of various mineral contents that change peformac and properties (porcelain, quarry tile, ceramic)

89
Q

glass (tiles)

A

cast glass into molds

90
Q

stone (tiles)

A

distinguished from a stone slab by length, width and thickness

91
Q

concrete (tiles)

A

poured into tiles

92
Q

metal (tile)

A

may be solid metal or metal fused o another substright, such as porcelain or clay

93
Q

composite (tiles)

A

combination of materials such as cement plus aggregate, varying sizes or thicknesses

94
Q

clay tile

A

-color of clay tile body, mineral content of clay which lends many performance char. and its coarseness are inherent properties to the clay
-handmande ahve irregular shapes/surfaces (shaped or glazed by hand)
-clay shaped, then fired, then its forever modified
-generally 1/4”-3/8” thick
quarry tile is 1/2” thick high traffic commercial.
-terra-cotta tiles can be 1” thick or more

95
Q

absorption rates

A

various types of clay tiles are distinguished by their absorption rates, which are a measurement of the porosity of the tile

96
Q

absorption rate percents

A
  • non vitreous 13% or more
  • semi vitreous 3% to 13%
  • vitreous 0.5% to 3%
  • impervious 0.5% or less
97
Q

porcelain clay tile

A
  • impervious (to staining)
  • made of fine-grained clay: 50% Felspar(hardness scale of 6)
  • may be rectified-ground to uniform sizes with grinding wheels
  • may be glazed )color on top) or through-body (color goes all the way through the tile)
  • can come in very large or small tile sizes
  • polished, matte, textured
98
Q

glass tile

A
  • might have integral color or color enamel that is baked on
  • can be clear, translucent or iridescent with polished or matte surfaces
  • sensitive to drastic temp changes
  • many sizes, mosaic is smaller than 1/4” sq
99
Q

stone tile

A
  • vary size
  • typ. 1/4” to 3/8”thick
  • typ for tight grout joints to see more of the stone
  • follow manuf. for sealant
  • comm. to use un-sanded grout to not scratch stone
100
Q

concrete tile

A
  • many sizes and colors
  • can imitate many other materials
  • need to be sealed against staining
  • concrete tiles cure by hardening rather than being fired in a kiln
  • can have embedded materials
101
Q

table 10.1

A

good ref. for char. and common uses

102
Q

unglazed

A

relies on quality of the tule body for their color and other char.

  • diff. to clean (grout and dirt)
  • vulnerable to staining
103
Q

glazed

A

impervious to water and stains but sim. in char. to glass

  • vulnerbale to chipping, scratching, showing wear in high traffic
  • slippering on floor application
  • various types: crackle, bright, clear, crystal, matte, opaque, speckled
104
Q

variation

A

v1 uniform
v2 slight
v3 moderate
v4 substantial

105
Q

COF

A

co-efficent of friction

  • testing used to list a slip resistance rating that was specific on tile products for wet. vs dry
  • best to confirm with specs
  • ada states “slip resistant”
106
Q

organization of industry

A
  • manu
  • distrubtor
  • resller
  • purhaser
  • client site
107
Q

alloy

A

metal made by combing 2 or more metallic elements especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion

108
Q

oxidize

A

when the metal combines with oxygen and over time changes the appearance of the metal

109
Q

galvanized

A

cost (iron or steel) with a protective layer of zinc

110
Q

corrode

A

destroy or damage (metal, stone, or other materials) slowly by chemical reaction

111
Q

extruded

A

shape (a material such as metal or plastic) by forcing it through a die

112
Q

gauge

A

thickness of the metall

113
Q

plating

A

applying one metal to another by electrolysis, hot dipping, or electroplating. the metals become integrated together

114
Q

coating

A

a material applied to the metal

115
Q

ferrous metals

A
  • conins iron
  • eaily worked
  • oxidizes rapidly
  • susceptible to acids
  • typically combined with other alloys (metal ingredients)
116
Q

iron metals

A

ferrous metals

  • cast: molten metal is poured into a mold
  • wrought: soft/easily workable, corrosion and fatigue resistant. cast into bars or pipes that can be welded
117
Q

types of iron metals

A

-steel: iron main ingredient.
steel + iron+carbon making it more corrosion resistant than plain iron
-stainless steel: other metals are added to the iron and carbon such as nickel or chromium. the alloy type changes the metals formbillyt weldblity, sheen/luster wtc

118
Q

non ferrous metals

A
  • aluminum
  • zinc
  • copper
  • brass
  • bronze
  • chromium
  • nickle
  • pewter
  • titanium
119
Q

aluminum

A 
-soft 
corrosion resistant 
light weiht 
not strong 
commonly added to alloy to increase strength 
difficult to weld
120
Q

zinc

A

bright silver colored
more corrosion resistant than steel
comm. used in alloys w other metals to enhance corrosion resistance
used as plating to prevent corrosion in steel
can corrode in water but still used in some plumbing fittings
often spec. as sheeting for a surfacing material
will patina and show wear marks/stains

121
Q

copper

A

good tensile strength
resistant to corrosion
will oxidize unless treated
resists impact and fatigue
used on exterior building components roof gutters downspouts
used for interior accessories lighting plumbing fixtures fittings

122
Q

brass

A

alloy of copper and usually zinc
frequently used in interiors
can’t be formed with extrusion method
some types of brass alloy are called bronze

123
Q

bronze

A

alloy an alloy of copper and aluminum or silicon
can be extruded
will oxidize in the air to a color often referred to as verdigris

124
Q

chromium

A

used as an alloy to alter the characteristic of other metals such as steel

  • used for plating because it can achieve a high shine and because of its ability to resist corrosion
  • the metal object is frequently plated first with sickle then chrome
125
Q

nickel

A

corrosion resistant
can achieve a high polish so it is used for plating
found in the composition of alloys as steel and german silver

126
Q

pewter

A

tin based alloy

soft and malleable

127
Q

titanium

A

corrosion resistant
lightweight but strong
frequently used in alloys for added corrosion resistant

128
Q

forming metals

A
  • sheets
  • plates: thick sheets-heavy gauge
  • cast: pouring molten metal into a mold
  • pipes and tubes: can be cut and welded
  • extruded: like a push thru cookie maker
  • spun: tune on a lath like wood
  • welding: fused together by heat
  • soldering: fused together by heat and added metal
  • weaving: like a textile
129
Q

types of coatings

A
  • metal
  • patinas-like dye
  • baked enamel or porcelain
  • powder-coated finish
  • anodizing- a coating for aluminum
  • wax
130
Q

why resilient

A
  • easy maintenance
  • low cost
  • durabe
  • visabily seamless installation
  • additives can be applied fro special characteristics
  • may be color through or a surface applied color
131
Q

types of resilient

A 
linoleum 
cork 
vinyl 
rubber 
polyolefin 
leather
132
Q

linoleum

A 
natural materials oxidized linseed oil into a thick cement that is mixed with pine resin and wood flour to form sheets on jute backing 
-biodegradeable 
-naturally inherently hygienic 
-anti static 
repels dust dirt 
easy to clean 
through body color
133
Q

cork

A

comes from trees

  • antistatic
  • sound absorbing
  • insulating heat and sound
  • tolerable to those with allergies
  • recovers from compression well
  • -susceptible to water absorption
  • comes unfinished or perfiniished with a wax
  • availbe in many sizes
  • can have a energineered backing or cushion layer
134
Q

vinyl

A

contains vinyl, minerals, plasticers, and stabilizers

  • VCT vinyl composition tile 70to80% limestone
  • LVT luxury vinyl tile (realistic 3d visuals, high perform. durable)
  • inlaid vinyl sheet: vinyl chips are attached to a backing. typically there is a protective top coat
  • sheet vinyl
135
Q

vinyl classifications

A

-class I monolithic-color goes through material
-class II surface decorated
-class III printed film vinyl tile
type A-smooth
type B-embossed surface

136
Q

rubber

A

can be natural but most likely synthetic (nat rubber from trees doesn’t age well)

137
Q

existing floor as substrate

A

the previous floor surface would need to be flat and smooth or imperfections will telegraph onto new floor.

138
Q

subfloor

A

particle board or plywood

139
Q

moisture control

A

If there are moisture concerns in the slab, a moisture barrier (film) will need to be laid down with a plywood subfloor on top and then the resilient flooring will be installed.

140
Q

cost

A

Vinyl products are the best up-front cost but if the installation is intended to last for a couple decades, the life-cycle cost of rubber flooring will be very low.

141
Q

hardwood

A

broad left trees

ex. birch, ash, oak, cherry
- widths from 2 1/4 to 5” and diff. thicknesses 3/4 standard

142
Q

softwood

A

needle like or scale like trees

ex. cedar, pine, fir

143
Q

nominal vs actual

A

1x4 is 3/4x3 1/2

144
Q

why hardwood

A 
natural warmth 
variety 
color
beauty 
flexilibty 
workability
145
Q

3/4” hardwood

A

-tradtional look
-higher raw material cost
-generates more waste
-install on or above grade only
-can be glued down
re-finish opportunities
-requries a wood composites sub floor for nailing

146
Q

5/16 hardwood

A

same except

  • can be stapled or glued
  • can be installed one concrete
  • enviornmentally friendly
  • no heat app.
147
Q

engineered hardwood

A

consist of 3 to 10 thin layers of wood called piles
top-face ply
middle-core ply
bottom-back ply

148
Q

acrylic infused

A

process: acrylic fills and supports the cell structure or the wood
benefits: roughly twice as resistant
, colorfast color can’t wear or be sanded away

149
Q

color patina

A

most dramatic color changes in first 6 months

150
Q

patina

A

color change from light sensitivity

151
Q

factory finishes

A
  • uv urethane
  • uv urethane w/ alum oxide
  • comm. uv cured urethane
  • wax or sealer
  • warranty included
152
Q

site finishes

A
  • waterbourne
  • oil modified urethane
  • swedish or acid cured
  • moisture-cure urethane
  • oil
  • sealer/sealer wx
  • warranrty not included
153
Q

types of plywood products

A
  • industrial particleboard
  • med. density fiberboard (MDF)
  • veneer
  • combination

MMII (4 decks)

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