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Bio 193 > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What 8 common features distinguish animals from others?

A

1) eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, generally digest internally
2) lack cell wall
3) can move (at some point)
4) have hox genes
5) have structural proteins
6) possess nervous tissue
7) reproduce sexually (mostly)
8) have 1 or more larval phase (usually)

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2
Q

Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes:

A

Prokaryotes lack true nuclei: archea and bacteria.

Eukaryotes have true nuclei: everything else.

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3
Q

Protozoan vs metazoan

A

All are eukaryotes.

Protozoans are unicellular: Protista.

Metazoans are multicellular: all other eukaryotes.

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4
Q

Autotrophs vs heterotrophs

A

All are metazoans (and, by association, eukaryotes).

Autotrophs produce their own food: plantae.

Heterotrophs eat for their food: all other metazoans.

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5
Q

Absorptive vs ingestive/digestive heterotrophs:

A

All are heterotrophic (and by association metazoans and eukaryotes)

Absorptive digest their food externally and absorb it: fungi

Ingestive/digestive digest their food within their body: animals.

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6
Q

Order phyla by characteristics.

A

Prokaryote vs EUKARYOTES

Protozoa vs METAZOA

Autotrophs vs HETEROTROPHS

Absorptive vs INGESTIVE/DIGESTIVE

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7
Q

What are HOX GENES?

A

Involved in development of body plan. They exist in all major animal groups.

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8
Q

How do animals typically reproduce? What ploidy is each stage?

A

Most reproduce sexually:

  • haploid gametes fertilize, producing…
  • a diploid zygote, which develops into…
  • mature diploid adult, which produce…
  • haploid gametes thru meiosis.
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9
Q

What 4 general characteristics can be used to categorize animals?

A

1) body plan (asymmetrical vs spherical vs radial vs bilateral)
2) development (diploblastic vs triploblastic; acoelomates vs pseudocoelomates vs coelomates; protostome vs deuterostome)
3) tissue organization (morphological features)
4) molecular data (DNA)

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10
Q

Which phyla exhibit radial symmetry?

A

Cnidaria (jellies, hydras, corals, anemones)

Ctenophora (comb jellies)”

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11
Q

Which phyla exhibit asymmetry?

A

Porifera (sponges)

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12
Q

Which phyla exhibit bilateral symmetry?

A 
Echinodermata (sea stars)
Chordata (vertebrates)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms - planarians, tapeworms, flukes)
Rotifera (Rotifers)
Mollusca (Gastropoda, bivalves, cephalopods, polyplacophora)
Annelida (segmented worms)
Nematoda (roundworms)
Arthropoda (lobsters)
Ectoprocta (bryozoans)
Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
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13
Q

Which phyla are diploblastic?

A

Cnidaria (corals, anemones, jellies, hydras)

Ctenophora (comb jellies)

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14
Q

Which phyla are triploblastic?

A 
Echinodermata (sea stars)
Chordata (vertebrates)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms - planarians, tapeworms, flukes)
Rotifera (Rotifers)
Mollusca (Gastropoda, bivalves, cephalopods, polyplacophora)
Annelida (segmented worms)
Nematoda (roundworms)
Arthropoda (lobsters)
Ectoprocta (bryozoans)
Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
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15
Q

Which phyla are acoelomates?

A

All are triploblastic.

Platyhelminthes (flatworms, flukes, planarians)

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16
Q

Which phyla are pseudocoelomates?

A

All are triploblastic.

Rotifera (Rotifers)
Nematoda (round worms)

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17
Q

Which phyla are coelomates?

A

All are triploblastic.

Ectoprocta (bryozoans)
Branchiopoda (lamp shells)
Molluscs (bivalves, Gastropoda, cephalopods, polyplacophora)
Annelida (segmented worms)
Nematoda (round worms)
Echinodermata (sea stars)
(and Arthropoda and Chordata as well)
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18
Q

White phyla are protostomes?

A

All must be coelomates.

Annelids (segmented worms)
Molluscs (gastropoda, bivalvia, chitins, cephalopods)
-All but echinoderms and chordata!

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19
Q

Which phyla are deuterostomes?

A

All must be coelomates.

Echinoderms (sea stars)
Chordata (vertebrates)

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20
Q

Characteristics: Porifera

A

Sponges.

BODY PLAN:
asymmetrical

TISSUE ORGANIZATION:
None (not eumetazoans)

LOCOMOTION:
none (though larvae will disperse)

GENERAL BODY STRUCTURE/PARTS:
-Are made of cells embedded in protein matrix (MESOHYL) supported by needle-like SPICULES.

FEEDING:
PHAGOCYTOSIS of food particles trapped in ciliated CHOANOCYTE

REPRODUCTION:
Asexually through fragmentation, budding, and regeneration / sexually via sequential hermaphroditism

DIRECT/INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT:
Both. No larva for direct (budding/fragmentation).

DIGESTIVE/ALIMENTARY TRACT:
none

Fun Facts:

  • Contain toxins
  • Are made of cells embedded in protein matrix (MESOHYL) supported by needle-like SPICULES.
  • Full of CHOANOCYTES
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21
Q

Characteristics: Cnidaria

A

Jellies, Anemones, Hydras, Corals.

BODY PLAN: Radial symmetry, diploblastic.

LOCOMOTION: None for polyps, jet propulsion for medusas

BODY STRUCTURE: 1 opening (mouth/anus) w/gastrovascular cavity. Lack circulatory system

FEEDING: Prey is captured using a ring of tentacles around mouth. CNIDOCYSTS contain CNIDAE which are launched to harpoon prey.

REPRODUCTION: Hydrazoans can switch between polyp and medusa states.

DEVELOPMENT: Both, depending on type.

DIGESTIVE/ALIMENTARY TRACT: none.

Fun Facts:
POLYP STAGE (corals and anemones)
MEDUSA STAGE (jellies)
or BOTH (hydras)
Have 1 OPENING (mouth/anus)

Corals have symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae (zooxanthae).

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22
Q

Characteristics: Ctenophoria

A

Comb Jellies.

Like Cnidarians in essentially every way, but lack Cnidae. They use sticky tentacles to capture prey.

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23
Q

Characteristics: Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms. Tapeworms, planarians, flukes.

BODY PLAN: Bilaterally symmetrical, Triploblastic.

DEVELOPMENT: Protostomes, determinate.

TISSUE ORGANIZATION: Acoelomates.

LOCOMOTION: Planarians use cilia on ventral surface

BODY STRUCTURE: No circulatory system (use diffusion), all flat.

FEEDING: Mouths

REPRODUCTION: Larvae develop in feces, forming cysts in muscle which are eaten by other animals.

DEVELOPMENT: indirect (larval stage)

DIGESTIVE/ALIMENTARY TRACT: Mouth but no anus

Fun Facts:
PLANARIANS are free living, while FLUKES and TAPEWORMS are parasitic.

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24
Q

Characteristics: Rotifera

A

Rotifers.

BODY PLAN: Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic

DEVELOPMENT: Protostomes, determinate

TISSUE ORGANIZATION: Pseudocoelomates

LOCOMOTION: not sure.

BODY STRUCTURE: Small, have crown of cilia around mouth

FEEDING: Use ciliated crown around mouth (lophophore)

REPRODUCTION: Asexual - Most are female and reproduce be PARTHENOGENESIS (unfertilized eggs). Can use sexual reproduction as well, but males are short lived and exist only to fertilize eggs.

DEVELOPMENT: Direct

DIGESTIVE/ALIMENTARY TRACT: have gastrovascular cavity AND Have an ailamentary canal w/ separate mouth and anus

Fun Facts:

  • Very small.
  • Use a LOPHOPHORE - crown of cilia - to eat.
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25
Q

Characteristics: Ectoprocta

A

Bryozoans.

BODY PLAN: bilateral symmetry, triploblastic

DEVELOPMENT: Protostomes, determinate

TISSUE ORGANIZATION: Coelomates

LOCOMOTION: None - live in sessile colonies

BODY STRUCTURE: has a lophophore, covered by tough exoskeleton, made up of tiny “zooids”

FEEDING: using lophophore

REPRODUCTION: hermaphroditic

DEVELOPMENT: Indirect (larvae)

DIGESTIVE/ALIMENTARY TRACT: full alimentary canal

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26
Q

Characteristics: Brachiopoda

A

Lamp Shells.

BODY PLAN: Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic

DEVELOPMENT: protostomes, determinate

TISSUE ORGANIZATION: Coelomates

LOCOMOTION: None, attached to substrate by PEDICLE

BODY STRUCTURE: similar looking to bivalve molluscs, but symmetrical valves enclose the body DORSALLY AND VENTRALLY (As opposed to lateral valves in bivalves)

FEEDING: use LOPHOPHORE to take food from water entering valves

DIGESTIVE/ALIMENTARY TRACT: full alimentary canal

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27
Q

Characteristics: Mollusca

A

Gastropoda (snails and slugs), bivalvia (mussels, clams, scallops), cephalopodia (squid, octopus), polyplaccophora (chitons)

BODY PLAN: Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic

DEVELOPMENT: protostomes, determinate

TISSUE ORGANIZATION: Coelomates

LOCOMOTION: Typically use foot to move, cephalopods use jet propulsion

BODY STRUCTURE: Soft Bodied (many have hard shell). Slugs, squid, and octopus have reduced or no shell. Generally have mantle (which secretes the shell), visceral mass (containing internal organs) and mouth with radula.

FEEDING:
Varies from class to class.

REPRODUCTION: Some gastropods are hermaphroditic, lay eggs

DEVELOPMENT: Indirect, trochophore phase as well as celiger larvae (for bilalves)
Direct (cephalopods)

DIGESTIVE/ALIMENTARY TRACT: complete alimentary tract w/ mouth and anus, stomach and intestine

Fun Facts:

  • General body plan consists of FOOT, VISCERAL MASS, and MANTLE
  • 4 classes are discussed in more detail on other cards.
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28
Q

Characteristics: Annelida

A

Segmented worms (earthworms, marine worms, leeches)

BODY PLAN: Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic

DEVELOPMENT: protostome, determinate

TISSUE ORGANIZATION: Coelomates

LOCOMOTION: LONGITUDINAL muscles thicken and shorten; CIRCULAR muscles constrict and elongate, CHAETAE anchor thick segments to the ground.

BODY STRUCTURE: body is made up of segmented repeated sections called METAMERES, separated by SEPTA.

FEEDING: OLIGOCHAETAES: feed on detritus in soil. POLYCHAETAES: are filter feeders with specialized structures. LEECHES: suck blood.

REPRODUCTION: Many forms of asexual reproduction.

DEVELOPMENT: Oligochaetes have direct development. Most develop into a TROCHOPHORE before maturing.

DIGESTIVE/ALIMENTARY TRACT: Full alimentary canal w/ specialized digestive system to maximize nutrient efficiency

Fun Facts:
-Have a CEREBRAL GANGLIA - sort of a brain.

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29
Q

Characteristics: Nematoda

A

Roundworms.

BODY PLAN: bilateral symmetry, triploblastic

DEVELOPMENT: protostome, determinate

TISSUE ORGANIZATION: Pseudocoelomates

LOCOMOTION: Not sure.

BODY STRUCTURE: non-segmented, ecdyzosoans because they shed a tough outer waxy cuticle to grow. No circulatory system!

FEEDING: many are parasitic

REPRODUCTION: usually sexual by internal fertilization

DEVELOPMENT: can be both direct and indirect

DIGESTIVE TRACT/ALIMENTARY CANAL: complete alimentary canal

Fun Facts:
-Most numerous animals on earth

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30
Q

What body plane separates anterior and posterior?

A

Transverse plane

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31
Q

What body plane separates dorsal and ventral?

A

Frontal plane

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32
Q

What body plane separates right and left?

A

Sagittal plane

33
Q

Development:Name the round hollow ball of cells of a developing animal. What is the inside of the ball called?

A

BLASTULA - inside is called the BLASTOCOEL

34
Q

What does the transverse plane separate?

A

anterior and posterior

35
Q

What does the sagittal plane separate?

A

left and right.

36
Q

What does the frontal plane separate?

A

dorsal and ventral.

37
Q

Define BLASTULA.

A

The hollow ball of a developing animal.

38
Q

Define BLASTOCOEL

A

The inside of a blastula.

39
Q

Define GASTRULATION

A

When a blastula becomes invaginated, becoming the GASTRULA

40
Q

Define GASTRULA. What is on either side of the blastocoel?

A

An invaginated blastula.

The endoderm and ectoderm develop on either side of the blastocoel.

41
Q

Define ARCHENTRON

A

The invaginated part of a gastrula. Develops from the GUT.

42
Q

Define BLASTOPORE

A

the opening left in a gastrula after gastrulation.

43
Q

What happens to the GUT in gastrulation?

A

It becomes the ARCHENTRON.

44
Q

What happens to the BLASTOCOEL in gastrulation?

A

Persists in some, but usually fills with mesoderm (in triploblasts)

45
Q

Define ACOELOMATE.

A

Triploblasts that lack a coelom (body cavity).

46
Q

Define PSEUDOCOELOMATE.

A

Triploblasts that have a body cavity flanked by mesoderm on one side and endoderm on the other.

47
Q

Define COELOMATE.

A

Triploblasts that have a body cavity surrounded by mesoderm.

48
Q

Name 2 types of PROTOSTOMES. In their 8-celled stage, what is their symmetry? Are the determinate or indeterminate?

A

Annelids, molluscs. SPIRAL and DETERMINATE.

49
Q

Name 2 types of DEUTEROSTOMES. In their 8-celled stage, what is their symmetry? Are they determinate or indeterminate?

A

Chordates, Echinoderms. RADIAL and INDETERMINATE.

50
Q

Define ECTODERM, MESODERM, and ENDODERM. Which animals have which?

A

All with true tissues have ecto and endo. TRIPLOBLASTS have all 3 (all eumetazoans but Cnidarians and Ctenophores)

51
Q

Explain SCHIZOCOELOUS body cavity development. Does this occur in protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

In PROTOSTOMES - solid masses of mesoderm split around the blastopore.

52
Q

Explain ENTEROCOELOUS body cavity development. Does this occur in protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

In DEUTEROSTOMES - Folds of archentron bud to form mesoderm cavity.

53
Q

Define DEUTEROSTOME.

A

Triploblast whose mouth develops second (anus develops first from blastopore)

54
Q

Define PROTOSTOME.

A

Triploblast whose mouth develops first (from blastopore)

55
Q

Define LOPHOPHORE.

A

Ciliated ring around mouth used for feeding.

56
Q

Define TROCOPHORE.

A

A distinct larval stage (EG Annelida)

57
Q

Name the LOPHOTROCOZOANS.

A 
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Rotifera (rotifers)
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
Mollusca (cephalopods, jellies, anemones, hydras)
Annelida (segmented worms)
58
Q

Name the ECDYSOZOANS. What is ECDYSIS?

A

Nematoda (round worms)
Arthropoda (lobsters, spiders)

ECDYSOZOANS secrete a hard exoskeleton. ECDYSIS is the means by which they molt to accomodate growth.

59
Q

What makes a sponge an animal?

A

They are assemblages of cells embedded in a protein matrix (MESOHYL), supported by needle-like structures (SPICULES)

They contain CHOANOCYTES which are very similar to the common ancestor of all animals, CHOANOFLAGELLATES.

60
Q

What are the 5 ways in which the morphological phylogeny and molecular phylogeny of animalia agree?

A

1) Sponges are basal creatures (no true tissue)
2) Eumetazoans have true tissue
3) Most phyla are bilaterally symmetrical
4) Chordates are deuterostomes
5) All share a common ancestor

61
Q

How are sponges CHOANOCYTES like CHOANOFLAGELLATES?

A

CHOANOCYTES have flagella and a collar of cilia that capturs food particles in mucus for phagocytosis.

62
Q

Sponges: What is the function of the CHOANOCYTE?

A

By beating its flagella, it draws water in and traps food particles within.

63
Q

Sponges: what is the function of the AMOEBACYTE?

A

These cells can transport nutrients to other parts of the sponge, produce skeletal fibers (spicules), or become any kind of cell the sponge needs.

64
Q

Sponges: what is the function of the SPICULES?

A

they act as skeletal fibers.

65
Q

Sponges: what is the function of the MESOHYL?

A

Gelatinous matrix, or “middle matter” between sponge walls.

66
Q

In what ways do sponges reproduce?

A

Asexually through budding, fragmentation, or regeneration;

Sexually - male will eject sperm into water, eggs are fertilized within female and larvae move out before settling and developing.

67
Q

Cnidarians: What general body forms can they have?

A

POLYP (sessile) and MEDUSA (motile)

Jellies - only medusa
Coral and Anemones - only polyp
Hydras alternate back and forth.

68
Q

Cnidarians: What is the generalized life cycle of hydrazoans?

A

Sessile polyps can reproduce asexually (budding of reproductive buds). Reproductive buds then become either male or female medusas, which reproduce sexually (joining 1n egg and sperm) to create a 2n larva. The larva develops into a sessile polyp and it begins again.

69
Q

Cnidarians: Describe the symbiotic relationship between some corals and algae. What are the benefits & costs for each?

A

Corals contain zooxanthellae - endosymbiotic algae. The algae produces food for the coral through photosynthesis, while the coral provides a safe home for algae.

70
Q

Cnidarians: How do Cnidarians sting their prey?

A

Tentacles contain CNIDOCYTES, which contain a harpoon-like NEMATOCYST (a type of CNIDAE) which can shoot out and attach to prey, injecting poison.

71
Q

Cnidarians: What distinguishes CTENOPHORES from CNIDARIA?

A

ctenophores lack cnidae, but have sticky tentacles to capture prey.

Also, they’re known for exhibiting bioluminescence, which is neat.

72
Q

Platyhelmithes: What advantages does a flatworm have by being flat?

A

It can move nutrients into its body (and waste out) through diffusion, meaning it doesn’t need a circulatory system.

73
Q

Platyhelminthes: Many are parasitic. What are some costs and benefits of this lifestyle?

A

Using this lifestyles, tapeworms and flukes can live a long time (flukes up to 40 years!), but they are not free-living.

74
Q

Rotifera: Describe Parthenogenesis. What are potential costs and benefits?

A

Most rotifers are female and reproduce by PARTHENOGENESIS - using unfertilized eggs to produce offspring. Benefits are a simpler process for more reproduction, however a cost is that there is little genetic variation. Males do exist, but in limited lifespans and their only reason to live is to fertilize eggs.

75
Q

Ectoprocta: Describe how ectoprocts are made up of specialized “ZOOIDS”

A

ZOOIDS represent a segment of the entire animal, but they have specialized functions.

AUTOZOOIDS are feeders and make up most of the colony.

KENOZOOIDS can be defensive spines

OVICELLS (heterozooids) produce eggs

76
Q

Brachiopoda: What distinguishes brachiopoda from bivalve molluscs?

A

Their valves open ventrally/dorsally while bivalve molluscs valves open laterally.

77
Q

Annelida: What distingues OLIOGOCHEATES, POLYCHEATES, and HIRUDINIANS?

A

OLIOGOCHEATES (few cheates) are earthworms. they have limited chaetae, which are chitinous bristles that can anchor segments to the ground.

POLYCHEATES (many chaetes) are marine. they have many chaetae. Some use PARAPODIA as gills. Some hunt using a long proboscis.

HIRUDINIANS (leeches) have no chaetae. They also have no septa betwen metameres. When they attach to an animal, they secrete HIRUDIN, an anti-coagulant. hence the name.

78
Q

Annelida: What is segmentation?

A

Annelids’ bodies are made up of serially repeating segments called METAMERES. They are separated (generally) by SEPTA.

79
Q

Nematoda: What characteristics distinguish nematodes from other worm groups?

A

Nematodes are ecdysazoans because they must shed a thick waxy covering to grow. They also have a complete ailimentary canal (unlike flatworms) They also reproduce sexually by internal fertilization

Bio 193 (2 decks)

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