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Pharmacology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Parasympathetic drugs

A

Constricted pupils, ↓HR, ↓BP, ↑Salivation, ↑GI motility, bronchoconstriction, contracts bladder, erection

Cholinergics (Stimulators)

Anti-cholinergics (suppressors/antagonists)```

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2
Q

Anti-cholinergics (suppressors/antagonists)

A 
Competes with ACh for binding, when it binds, blocks cholinergic responses.
Scopolamine
Ipratropium
Atropine
Tolterodine
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3
Q

Cholinergics (Stimulators)

A

Direct acting- Muscarinic receptor agonists, selective (Bethanechol)

Indirect acting- cholinesterase inhibitors, non-selective (Donepezil)

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4
Q

Bethanechol

A

Direct acting cholinergic

Urinary retention/GI tract

Stimulates smooth muscle contraction

Contraindications: Patients with respiratory disease, epilepsy, Parkinsons, PUD,, bradycardia.

Adverse effects: sweating, salivation, abdominal cramping, hypotension.

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5
Q

Donepezil

A

Indirect cholinergic

Alzheimers

↑Ach in brain

Improves memory

CAUTION: Cholinergic crisis: Sweating, hypersalivation, muscle twitching/weakness/difficulty breathing

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6
Q

Scopolamine

A

anti-cholinergic

treats motion sickness, IBS. Decreases GI motility.

Transdermal only

Contraindications: pts with glaucoma (↑IOP), obstructive disorders, BPH, acute hemorrhage.

Adverse effects: dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, ↑HR.

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7
Q

Ipratropium

A

anti-cholinergic

Treats asthma and COPD by increasing bronchodilation.

Note: wait 2-3 minutes between dosages. Bitter taste, rinse mouth.

Note: Assess for soy/peanut allergy.

Contraindications: pts with glaucoma (↑IOP), obstructive disorders, BPH, acute hemorrhage.

Adverse effects: dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, ↑HR.

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8
Q

atropine

A

treats OD from cholinergics, treats bradycardia, and used to dilate pupils.

Contraindications: pts with glaucoma (↑IOP), obstructive disorders, BPH, acute hemorrhage.

Adverse effects: dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, ↑HR.

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9
Q

Tolterodine

A

anti-cholinergic

treats overactive bladder

Monitor for anaphylaxis and angioedema.

Contraindications: pts with glaucoma (↑IOP), obstructive disorders, BPH, acute hemorrhage.

Adverse effects: dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, ↑HR.

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10
Q

Sympathetic drugs

A

Dilates pupils, inhibits secretions, ↑HR, ↑contractility/BP, dilates bronchioles, ↓GI motility, vasoconstriction, urinary retention, ↑epinephrine and NE release, ejaculation/orgasm

Adrenergic receptor AGONISTS

ANTAGONISTS/BLOCKERS

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11
Q

Adrenergic receptor AGONISTS

A 
Alpha 1 (Phenylephrine)
Alpha 2 (Clonidine)
Beta 1 (Dobutamine)
Beta 2 (Albuterol)
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12
Q

Alpha 1 receptor agonists

A

Vasoconstriction, dilates pupils

Phenylephrine

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13
Q

Alpha 2 receptor agonists

A

CNS response
↓release of NE/ACh, ↓insulin and platelets
Clonidine

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14
Q

Beta 1 receptor agonists

A

↑HR, ↑contractility, release renin

Dobutamine

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15
Q

Beta 2 receptor agonists

A

bronchodilation, relaxes smooth muscle

Albuterol

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16
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Alpha 1 receptor agonist

Nasal congestion, hypotension

Contraindications: pts with acute pancreatitis, heart disease, hepatitis, narrow-angle glaucoma

Adverse effects: prolonged use can cause rebound congestion

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17
Q

Clonidine

A

alpha 2 receptor agonist

Treats ADHD, cancer pain, HTN. ↓BP ↓pain

Contraindications: pts with severe cardiac disease, renal insufficiency.

Adverse effects: drowsiness, depression, dizziness,

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18
Q

Dobutamine

A

Beta 1 receptor agonist

cardiac stimulant by ↑contractility w/o really ↑HR

IV ONLY

CAUTION IN: pts with HTN, MI, Afib, hypovolemia.

Adverse effects: tachycardia, HTN, PVCs, arrhythmias, N/V, hypokalemia

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19
Q

Albuterol

A

Beta 2 receptor agonist

asthma, COPD (SABA)

Watch for paradoxical bronchospasms.
Caution in: pts with cardiac disease, CAD, HTN.

Adverse effects: Hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, HA, palpitations, nervousness, throat irritation.

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20
Q

Epinephrine

A

acts on alpha1, beta 1+2 receptors. Vasoconstriction, ↑HR, ↑contractility, release renin, bronchodilation, relaxes smooth muscle.

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21
Q

Alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists

A

Vasodilation, ↑urine flow.

Doxazosin
Prazosin
Tamsulosin

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22
Q

Beta 1 Receptor Antagonists

A

↓HR, ↓contractility, block renin release

Atenolol
Metoprolol
Propranolol

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23
Q

Beta 2 Receptor Antagonists

A

Bronchoconstriction
No medications
SIDE NOTE: Do not want to prescribe non-selective beta blockers (propranolol) to patients with respiratory disease due to bronchoconstriction.

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24
Q

Doxazosin

A

Alpha-1 Receptor Antagonist

HTN

Adverse effects: Hypotension, dizziness, reflex tachycardia, syncope, peripheral edema.

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25
Q

Prazosin

A

Alpha-1 Receptor Antagonist

HTN, short half/life, care for FIRST DOSE (syncope)

Adverse effects: Hypotension, dizziness, reflex tachycardia, syncope, peripheral edema.

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26
Q

Tamsulosin

A

Alpha-1 Receptor Antagonist

BPH, HTN

Adverse effects: Hypotension, dizziness, reflex tachycardia, syncope, peripheral edema.

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27
Q

Atenolol

A

Beta 1 Receptor Antagonist

HTN, preventing MI

Adverse effects: pulmonary edema, bradycardia, HF, ED, arrhythmias.

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28
Q

Metoprolol

A

Beta 1 Receptor Antagonist

HTN, prevents MI, ventricular arrhythmias, tachycardia migraine prophylaxis.

Adverse effects: pulmonary edema, bradycardia, HF, ED, arrhythmias.

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29
Q

Propranolol

A

Class II Beta Blocker

Indications: atrial flutter, a-fib, tachydysrhythmia, ventricular dysrhythmias.
treats arrhythmias, non selective for B1 and Beta 2.
Contraindications: pt with pulmonary edema, uncompensated HF, AV heart blocks.
HTN, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, manages MI, alcohol withdrawal, anxiety.
Do not abruptly discontinue medication.
Adverse effects: pulmonary edema, bradycardia, HF, ED, arrhythmias, hypotension, N/V.

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30
Q

ANTI-HYPERTENSIVES

A

ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCB, Vasodilators

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31
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

Blocks angiotensin 2 conversion, ↓peripheral resistance, ↓blood volume

Lisinopril

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32
Q

ARBs

A

Blocks angiotensin 2 at the receptor, arteriolar dilation, ↑Na+ secretion

Losartan

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33
Q

CCB

A

Block calcium ion channels, limits muscular contraction, inducing smooth muscle relaxation.

Nifedipine
Verapamil

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34
Q

Vasodilators

A

Direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle

Hydralazine
Nitroprusside

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35
Q

Lisinopril

A 
ACE inhibitor 
HTN, HF
Note: NEPHROTOXIC
Give within 24 hours of an MI to improve survival rates.
Can take 2-3 weeks to become effective.
GOOD FOR DIABETES
USE FOR HISPANICS DUE TO GENETIC MAKEUP
Adverse effects: postural hypotension, peripheral edema, persistent dry cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema, agranulocytosis.
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36
Q

Losartan

A

ARB
HTN, HF, often used to treat HTN when ACE inhibitors cause cough.
GOOD FOR DIABETES
USE FOR HISPANICS DUE TO GENETIC MAKEUP
Adverse effects: hypotension, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, dizziness, UTI, fatigue, anemia, AKI.
FETAL INJURY AND DEATH.

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37
Q

Nifedipine

A

CCB (selective)- primarily used to treat HTN.

Adverse effects: HA, dizziness, edema, hypotension, N/V.

DO NOT USE WITH BETA BLOCKERS.

DO NOT USE WITH DIGOXIN.

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38
Q

Verapamil

A

CCB (nonselective)- effects calcium channels on arterioles and the heart. Will regulate cardiac rhythm and BP.

Lower peripheral resistance.

Widely used in African Americans.

MONITOR IV SITES.

Adverse effects: HA, dizziness, edema, hypotension, N/V.

DO NOT USE WITH BETA BLOCKERS.

DO NOT USE WITH DIGOXIN.

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39
Q

Hydralazine

A

Vasodilator

treats mild-mod HTN. Can also decrease afterload in patients with HF. Typically prescribed with beta blockers or diuretics.
Interacts with alcohol, antihypertensives, and nitrates.
Drug-induced Lupus syndrome
Adverse effects: reflex tachycardia, sodium/water retention, palpitations, flushing, nausea/diarrhea.

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40
Q

Nitroprusside

A

Vasodilator

used to treat hypertensive crisis, cardiac pump failure, or cardiogenic shock.

Watch for cyanide toxicity

Adverse effects: reflex tachycardia, sodium/water retention, palpitations, flushing, nausea/diarrhea.

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41
Q

Diuretics

A

Loop, thiazides, potassium sparing, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotic diuretics

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42
Q

Loop Diuretics

A

Block Na+, Cl-, H20 reabsorption at the ANL. ↓K+

Furosemide

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43
Q

Thiazides

A

Blocks Na+, Cl-, H20 reabsorp at DCT. ↓K+

HCTZ

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44
Q

Potassium Sparing

A

Blocks reabsorption of Na+ at collecting duct. ↑K+

45
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

A

Inhibits reabsorption of bicarbonate at the PCT

Diamox

46
Q

Osmotic diuretic

A

Uses osmotic forces to pull H20 into vascular space and ↓all electrolytes.

Mannitol

47
Q

Furosemide

A

loop diuretic

treats swelling, HTN, HF by increasing urine output. CONTAINS SULFA

Note: can be prescribed to patients with kidney failure

Adverse effects:

Allergic reaction to Sulfa, hypokalemia, dehydration, hypotension, ↑glucose/uric acid.

OTOTOXIC: tinnitus, hearing loss.

Caution use: with Digoxin, nephrotoxic drugs, insulin, corticosteroids, Ginseng and Hawthorn.

48
Q

HCTZ

A

Thiazide

treats mild-mod HTN and edema from HF. Promotes renal Ca+ retention CONTAINS SULFA

Note: Administer early to prevent nocturia.

Note: Ineffective in patients with AKI.

Adverse effects: hypokalemia, dehydration, ↑glucose/uric acid.

Steven Johnson syndrome (BAD RASH).

Caution use: with Digoxin, Ginko Biloba, ↓ effectiveness of anticoags, sulfonylureas, insulin.

49
Q

Sprinolactone

A

Potassium sparing diuretic

inhibits aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex.

Note: Give with food to increase absorption

Adverse effects: HYPERkalemia, fatigue, muscle weakness, bradycardia, hormone irregularities.

Caution use: with other meds that increase K+ levels.

DO NOT TAKE IF PREGNANT. CAT C.

50
Q

Diamox

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

inhibits formation of carbonic acid. Used to treat IO fluid in open angle glaucoma.

CONTAINS SULFA.

Adverse effects: Allergic reaction to Sulfa, fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

51
Q

mannitol

A

osmotic diuretic

treats cerebral edema, ↑IO pressure.

Note: IV only

Adverse effects: due to fluid shifts, could worsen edema, CHF, HA.

52
Q

anticoagulants

A

Slows clotting time and prevents thrombi from
forming/enlarging in the veins.

Heparin
Enoxaparin
Warfarin

53
Q

Antiplatelet drugs

A

Prevents clot formation in arteries by interfering with platelet aggregation.

Aspirin
Clopidogrel

54
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant

prevents thromboembolic events after open heart surgery, vascular surgeries, dialysis, acute MI. Treats DVT and PE. Pregnancy OK.

  • Injected subQ or continuous IV. Dose is weight-based and
    fluctuates. Fast onset, short duration.
  • Monitor aPTT: Normal 30-40s. Therapeutic: 60-80s.
  • Watch for:

Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia and osteoporosis.

  • Antidote: Protamine Sulfate, short term.
  • ASSESS FOR PLATELET LEVELS, HOLD MED IF LESS THAN

5000

Adverse effects: bleeding

55
Q

Enoxaparin

A

Anticoagulant

LMWH, prevention of ischemic complications from unstable angina and NSTEMIs, prevents and treats DVTs and PEs.

Less likely to cause thrombocytopenia.

NO NEED to monitor aPTT, fixed dosage based on weight.

Adverse effects: bleeding

56
Q

Warfarin

A

Anticoagulant

prevents thromboembolic events after knee/hip surgeries, long-term indwelling catheter. ↓risk of repeat MI. Pregnancy NOT OK. Longer onset, longer duration.

-Missed dose: If remembers same day, take a dose. If remembers

the next day, skip dose and notify the physician.

-Monitor PT/INR: INR calculated from PT. Normal 0.75-1.25.

Therapeutic: 2-3

  • Antidote: Vitamin K or Kcentra.
  • Avoid high intake of green leafy veggies. Avoid cranberry juice.
  • NO alcoholic beverages.
  • ASSESS FOR PLATELET LEVELS, HOLD MED IF LESS THAN 5000

Adverse effects: bleeding

57
Q

Aspirin

A

Antiplatelet

Long duration. Prevents strokes, MI, reduces inflammation.

Avoid alcohol.

Monitor hematocrit/PTT with high doses.

Adverse effects: Bleeding, rash, flu symptoms.

58
Q

Clopidogrel

A

Antiplatelet

Acute coronary syndrome (STEMI, NSTEMI, unstable angina, PAD). ADP receptor blocker.

Typically prescribed with ASA.

More than 50% of Asians inhibit clopidogrel metabolism.

Monitor CBC for thrombocytopenia and neutropenia.

Adverse effects: Bleeding, rash, flu symptoms.

59
Q

Oprelvekin

A

prevents severe thrombocytopenia by increasing platelet production. Often prescribed in pts undergoing chemotherapy, decreases the need for platelet transfusion.

Given as a subQ injection

Monitor platelet levels

Adverse effects: syncope, a-fib, pleural effusions, tachycardia.

60
Q

Antidysrhythmics

A

Class I Na+ Channel Blockers

Class II Beta Blockers

Class III

K+ Channel Blockers

Class IV Ca2+ Channel Blockers

61
Q

Class I - Na+ Blockers

A

Prevents depolarization, ↓automaticity ↓conduction.

Procainamide

62
Q

Class II: Beta Blockers

A

↓conduction velocity through AV node, ↓automaticity

Propranolol

63
Q

Class III: K channel blockers

A

Delays repolarization, vasodilation, ↓ sinus rate, inhibits adrenergic stimulation

Amiodarone

64
Q

Class IV: Calcium Channel Blockers

A

↓conduction velocity through AV node, ↓automaticity in SA node

Indications: Paroxysmal SVT, supraventricular tachydysrhythmia.

Diltiazem

Verapamil

Adverse effects: bradycardia, hypotension, flushed skin.

65
Q

procainamide

A

Class 1 Sodium Channel Blocker

treats atrial and ventricular dysrhythmias.

Use supine position during IV administration due to hypotension.

Provided IV and IM only.

Monitor CBC for thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis.

Adverse effects: N/V, hypotension, HA, CNF effects (psychosis, confusion), may produce new/worsen dysrhythmias.

66
Q

Amiodarone

A

Class III antiarrhythmic (K+ channel blocker

treats life threatening ventricular arrhythmias/tachycardia, and atrial arrhythmias in pts with HF.

Available PO and IV.

Blocks potassium AND some sodium channels.

Requires high loading dose for first 2-3 weeks.

Monitor thyroid function.

May block metabolism of Warfarin.

Adverse effects: pulmonary toxicity, hypotension, bradycardia, cardiogenic shock, AV block, worsening arrhythmias, visual changes, blue/gray skin discoloration.

67
Q

Cardiac glycosides

A

↑contractility, ↑CO, ↓conduction through SA/AV node.

digoxin

68
Q

antianginal drugs

A

Can reduce preload (vasodilation), slow HR, reduce contractility, reduce afterload (↓BP)
Nitrates, Beta-blockers, CCBs

69
Q

Nitrates

A

Relax arterial and venous smooth muscle, ↓preload, ↓heart workload

nitroglycerin

70
Q

Beta-blockers

A

reduce workload by ↓HR, and ↓ contractility.

-Lols- good choice for patients with HTN and CAD. Reduce incidence of MI.

Preferred drugs for prophylaxis of stable angina.

Not used for variant angina, could worsen the condition.

71
Q

CCBs

A

Relax arteriolar smooth muscle, ↓BP, ↓afterload
Nifedipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem
Preferred drug for treating variant angina.

72
Q

nitroglycerin

A

nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina

Short acting:

dilates coronary arteries, ↓BP, ↑CO. Treats acute angina or manages prophylactically long-term.

No more than 3 doses in 15 minutes. If symptoms do not resolve, MI is indicated.

Contraindicated in: ↑intracranial pressure, hypotension, severe anemia, glaucoma.

Adverse effects: Hypotension, reflex tachycardia

73
Q

Anti-lipidemics

A

Statins, bile acid sequestrants, fibric acid drugs, niacin

74
Q

statins

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Reduces synthesis of cholesterol
Can be taken with niacin
Atorvastatin

75
Q

Bile Acid Sequestrants

A

Bind to bile acids, ↑excretion of cholesterol in the stool.

cholestyramine

76
Q

fibric acid drugs

A

Increases the breakdown of triglyceride rich particles.

Gemfibrozil (Lopid)

77
Q

niacin

A

↓VLDL, ↓triglycerides, ↓LDL. Raises HDL. Vitamin B complex occasionally used to lower lipid levels.

Not typically used for treatment due to more adverse effects.

Take ASA to help with flushing.

Caution use in pts with DM, can ↑ glucose levels.

Adverse effects: flushing, hot flashes, GI upset, hepatotoxicity, gout.

78
Q

Atorvastatin

A

statin- ↓cholesterol, ↓ LDL, ↓ triglycerides, and ↑HDL.

Slows progression of CAD.

Administer with food due to GI upset. Take medication at night.

CoQ10 supplement helps with muscle aches.

Adverse effects: HA, fatigue, muscle/joint pain, heartburn. Severe rhabdomyolysis/myopathy (rare).

Watch for liver injury.

79
Q

Cholestyramine

A

bile acid sequestrant

treats hyperlipidemia, although less effective than statins.

INCREASE Fat soluble vitamins: D.A.K.E

Powder:

Mix with water, noncarbonated beverages, pulpy fruits to avoid GI upset.

Adverse effects: GI symptoms- constipation, bloating, gas, nausea.

80
Q

Lopid (gemfibrozil)

A

fibric acid drug

used to treat hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia.

Adverse effects: gallstones, changes in liver function, GI upset.

81
Q

0.9% NaCl

A

Crystalloid

isotonic solution used to repleat extracellular fluid volume without affecting intracellular fluid volume.

Use to dilute other medications

Caution: monitor for fluid overload.

82
Q

Lactated ringers

A

Crystalloid

isotonic, has shorter duration to prevent fluid overload. Treats blood loss, dehydration.

83
Q

D5W (5% dextrose in water)

A

Crystalloid
Initially isotonic, but is quickly metabolized and becomes hypotonic. Fluid enters vascular spaces w/o affecting intracellular fluids.
Do NOT give in infants and patients with head trauma/cerebral edema.

84
Q

Albumin

A

colloid
treats significant fluid loss from severe burns and shock.
Blood transfusion substance
Impairs platelet function

85
Q

dextran

A

colloid
hypovolemic shock due to hemorrhage, severe burns.
Monitor coagulation indexes.
Monitor vitals (BP)

86
Q

Hypovolemic hypernatremia

A

Administer hypotonic fluids such as 5% dextrose or 0.45% NaCl.

Symptoms:

Thirst, fatigue, weakness, muscle twitching, convulsions, AMS.

87
Q

Hypervolemic hypernatremia

A

Diuretics will remove Na+ and fluid from the blood.

Symptoms:

Thirst, fatigue, weakness, muscle twitching, convulsions, AMS.

88
Q

HyperNa+

A

From excessive salt intake, high net water loss, high doses of corticosteroids and estrogens.

89
Q

HypoNa+

A

Excessive ADH secretion, excessive sweating, severe burns, GI/kidney disorders.

Loop diuretics treat excessive dilution leading to hyponatremia.

NS and lactated ringers can treat Na+ depletion.

Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal cramping, confusion, lethargy.

90
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

High K+ rich foods, supplements, potassium sparing diuretics, CKD.

Restricting foods:

Potatoes, pork

Oranges

Tomatoes

Avocados

Spinach

Strawberries

LIma beans

nUts

Musk melons (cantaloupe)

In severe cases: Glucose and insulin will cause K+ to leave the extracellular fluid and enter cells.

Symptoms:

Dysrhythmias, heart block, muscle twitching, fatigue, paresthesias, dyspnea, cramping, diarrhea.

91
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Loop diuretics, strenuous muscular activity, severe V/D.

Increase dietary intake of K+.

If severe, administer oral potassium supplements (Potassium Chloride)

Liquid preparations must be diluted with water or fruit juices before administration.

Symptoms: muscle weakness, lethargy, anorexia, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest.

92
Q

asthma drugs

A

methylxanthines, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists

93
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Used for long-term prevention of asthma attacks. Increase Beta agonist sensitivity in bronchial smooth muscle

Qvar- prevents asthma attacks. Absorbed slowly.

Prednisone- used to treat severe, unstable asthma.

Adverse effects for inhaled: hoarseness, oral thrush.

For systemic: hyperglycemia, adrenal atrophy, peptic ulcers.

94
Q

Leukotriene antagonist

A

Reduce inflammation and ease bronchoconstriction

95
Q

Montelukast

A

leukotriene receptor antagonist
management and prevention of asthma. Manages seasonal allergies.
Note: Does not treat acute asthma attacks due to delayed onset (24hrs).
Don’t stop taking abruptly
Steven Johnson syndrome (RASH)
Adverse effects: hallucinations, SI, behavioral changes.

96
Q

Allergy/cold medications

A

Antihistamines

Intra-nasal Corticosteroids

Sympathomimetics

Antitussives

Expectorants Mucolytics

97
Q

Antihistamines

A

Prevent histamine from binding to h1 receptor (anticholinergic effect: ↑HR, urinary retention, constipation, dry mouth)

Diphenhydramine

Loratadine

98
Q

Intra-nasal Corticosteroids

A

Decrease secretion of inflammatory mediators

Flonase

99
Q

Sympathomimetics

A

Activate the sympathetic nervous system (think adrenergic receptors)

Afrin nasal spray- quick benefits but can cause rebound congestion.

Pseudoephedrine- treats nasal congestion from URIs.

Adverse effects: seizures, HTN, anxiety, tachycardia.

100
Q

antitussive

A

Dampen cough reflex by raising the cough threshold in the CNS.
Two types: opioid and non-opioid

101
Q

expectorant/mucolytic

A

Decrease thickness of mucous secretions

guaifenesin

102
Q

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

A

antihistamine
First generation:
treats anaphylaxis, prevents seasonal allergies, motion sickness, insomnia, Parkinson’s disease.
Take every 4-6 hrs
DON’T TAKE WITH ASTHMA DUE TO ANTICHOLINERGIC EFFECTS
FALL RISK DUE TO DROWSINESS.
Adverse effects First gen: Drowsiness, dry mouth, hypotension, palpitations, photosensitivity, constipation.

103
Q

Loratadine (Claritin)

A

antihistamine

Second generation:

treats allergies, hives.

Note: avoid driving and alcohol. Take with meals.

Adverse effects second gen:

Dry mouth, constipation, photosensitivity.

104
Q

Flonase (fluticasone)

A

nasal spray, used to reduce edema, decrease secretions, and causes mild vasoconstriction.

Takes 1-3 weeks to become effective.

Adverse effects: epistaxis, irritation of the nasal passages, nasal dryness.

105
Q

Codeine

A

Antitussive opioid

treats mild-mod pain and treats cough.

Caution use in pts with asthma due to bronchoconstriction.

Adverse effects opioids: sedation, respiratory depression, hypotension.

106
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

Antitussive, non-opioid

(Cough syrup)- symptomatic relief of non-productive coughs caused by URI.

Drink water 30-60 minutes AFTER you take medication.

Caution use in teens.

DO NOT USE IN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS OLD.

Adverse effects non opioids AT HIGH DOSES: hallucinations, dizziness, slurred speech, drowsiness, euphoria.

107
Q

Guaifenesin

A

reduces thickness of bronchial secretions, mainly used to treat dry coughs.

Adverse effects: minimal adverse effects, but some include drowsiness, HA, GI upset, increase glucose.

Mucolytics: directly loosen thick secretions by breaking down the chemical structure of mucus molecules.

108
Q

digoxin

A

cardiac glycoside

antihypertensive, antidysrhythmic.

Can WORSEN HF.

Small therapeutic window, DOUBLE CHECK DOSE.

Serum digoxin 0.5-2 therapeutic window.

CHECK APICAL PULSE

Check potassium levels

Adverse effects: Anorexia, vision changes, N/V

109
Q

Methylxanthines

A

Treats asthma unresponsive to beta agonists and inhaled corticosteroids.

Bronchodilators chemically related to caffeine.

Infrequently prescribed due to narrow safety margin.

Adverse effects: N/V, CNS stimulation, dysrhythmias, nervousness, insomnia.

Pharmacology (2 decks)

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