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Vert Zoo LECTURE > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the shared DERIVED characters of the amphibians?

A
  1. locomotor adaptions
  2. reproductive modes
  3. properties of the skin
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2
Q

describe the structure of amphibian skin

A

-lots of glands

-

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3
Q

what does the hedonic gland do?

A

help

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4
Q

what is unique about the pulmocutaneous circulatory circuits of the amphibians?

A

help

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5
Q

operculum-columella complex in amphibians

A

help

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6
Q

what are tetrachromats?

A

they have the ability to see color even in low light conditions because….

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7
Q

being able to see color in low light is important for amphibians in order to…

A

aid in species recognition

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8
Q

what is unique about amphibian teeth?

A

they have pedicellate teeth, which means the crowns are separated from roots by layer of fibrous tissue

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9
Q

urodelans have the most ancestral mode of locomotion, which is…

A
  • the walking-trot gait

- lateral bending combined with leg movements

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10
Q

the walking-trot gait relies on…

A

a flexible spine

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11
Q

mode of locomotion for caecilians

A
  1. lateral undulation

2. internal concertina locomotion

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12
Q

what is unique about the structure of the levator bulb muscle in amphibians?

A

help

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13
Q

the anuran mode of transportation is specialized for…

A

jumping

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14
Q

adaptations that allow anuran to jump far distances

A
  1. elongated hind limbs
  2. fused tibia and fibula
  3. large, powerful pelvis which is attached to a shortened, stiff vertebral column
  4. urostyle
  5. strong forelimbs
  6. dorsally placed eyes
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15
Q

what cues do salamanders use for courtship?

A
  1. chemical cues (pheromones)

2. visual cues (sexually dimorphic)

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16
Q

What is the name of the gland that Plethodontoids use during courtship?

A

the mental gland

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17
Q

what is the reproductive mode of frogs?

A

they are vocal!

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18
Q

what is explosive breeding?

A

when males attract females all at once within a short period of time

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19
Q

when is explosive breeding often used?

A

during multi species choruses, such as with tree frogs and many toads

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20
Q

what are advertisement calls?

A

help

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21
Q

when is explosive breeding often used?

A

during multi species choruses, such as with tree frogs and many toads

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22
Q

what is prolonged breeding?

A

when males establish territories and compete with other males (bullfrogs)

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23
Q

what are the risks involved with vocal courtship cues?

A
  1. predation

2. desiccation

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24
Q

fertilization in caecilians

A

internal fertilization via the phallodeum

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25
Q

fertilization in salamanders

A

internal fertilization via spermatophores

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26
Q

fertilization in anurans

A

external fertilization via amplexus

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27
Q

axillary vs inguinal

A

help

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28
Q

true or false, some species of anurans have internal fertilization

A

true

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29
Q

in terms of modes of development, most caecilians are..

A

75% of caecilians are viviparous and matrotrophic

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30
Q

at birth, caecilian young can be ______ of the mothers body length

A

30-60%

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31
Q

explain the matrotrophic behaviors we see in caecilians

A
  • begins via yolk and switches to “uterine milk” from oviducts in most
  • one species eats the mothers outermost layer of skin
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32
Q

describe the salamander mode of development

A
  • most species breed in water and lay eggs in water

- eggs hatch into aquatic, gilled larvae that may transform into terrestrial adults

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33
Q

what is a mode of development common to Plethodontidae?

A

-more terrestrial eggs, so that they skip the aquatic larval stage

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34
Q

true or false, all Salamandrid species are viviparous.

A

false, but some are

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35
Q

salamander embryos may be nourished by…

A
  • unfertilized eggs

- yolk sacs

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36
Q

in what species to the salamanders emerge as aquatic larvae?

A

help

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37
Q

true or false, the developmental modes of Anuran species are conserved.

A

false, they are very diverse

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38
Q

in most anuran species…(modes of development)

A

aquatic eggs hatch into tadpoles and many have direct development

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39
Q

what is direct development?

A

when terrestrial eggs hatch into froglets

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40
Q

anuran mode of development and direction of stream flow

A

help

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41
Q

modes of development in anurans and percent of prey captured

A

help

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42
Q

purpose of mucus glands

A
  • keep skin moist and permeable to gases
  • antimicrobial
  • predator defense
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43
Q

purpose of granular glands

A

-amphibians primary predator defense mechanism

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44
Q

true or false, all amphibians have granular glands.

A

true, but there is a ton of diversity

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45
Q

true or false, all amphibians have granular glands.

A

true, but there is a ton of diversity

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46
Q

types of poisons found in granular glands

A
  1. cutaneous alkaloids (up to 40)

2. neurotoxins (ex. tetrodotoxin)

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47
Q

types of poisons found in granular glands

A
  1. cutaneous alkaloids (up to 40)

2. neurotoxins (ex. tetrodotoxin)

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48
Q

describe the Euthenopteron

A

help

49
Q

describe the Eusthenopteron

A
  • late devonian sarcopterygiian
  • cylindrical bodies
  • large heads
  • thick scales
  • shallow water predators
50
Q

what does Tiktaalik show us?

A

the fish to tetrapod transition

51
Q

describe Tiktaalik

A
  • most derived of the elpisostegalids

- “fishpond” from the late Devonian

52
Q

describe the anatomy of Tiktaalik

A

help

53
Q

describe Acanthostega

A

help

54
Q

what trends do we see in the fish to tetrapod transition?

A
  1. reduction in hyomandibula, opercle, subopercle, and lepidotrichia
  2. changes in pectoral/pelvic girdles
  3. rigidity in vertebral column/ribs
55
Q

chondrotin/schreckstoff

A

interacts w nerve receptor in fish to produce fear response

56
Q

carp are _______ in north america

A

invasive

57
Q

are shiners native?

A

yes

58
Q

who is in the cypriniformes group?

A

minnows, carps, suckers, loaches

59
Q

cyriniformes characters

A

jaws lacking teeth, well developed pharyngeal teeth, many have barbels, fins lacking spines

60
Q

are buffalo native?

A

yes

61
Q

are cypriniformes freshwater of marine?

A

primary freshwater

62
Q

synapomorphies of superorder Ostariophysi

A

schreckstoff and Weberian apparatus

63
Q

order characiformes characters

A
  1. well developed teeth in jaws
  2. pharyngeal teeth usually present
  3. adipose fin common
64
Q

examples of charchariformes

A

phirrahanas

65
Q

lepieophagy

A

eating fins or scales (phirhannas)

66
Q

name of small catfish

A

madtom

67
Q

Order Siluriformes

A

the catfish

68
Q

describe the order suliformes

A
  • teeth present on premaxillary but absent of maxillary
  • dorsal and pectoral fins with spines
  • well developed barbels around mouth
  • scales absent
  • adipose fin
  • ONLY 2 MARINE
69
Q

big catfish

A

Mekong river catfish

70
Q

describe order salmoniformes

A
  • nuptial tubercles

- anadromous migrations (marine water to spawn)

71
Q

kype

A

nuptial tubules on salmon

72
Q

who is in order salmoniformes

A

salmon, smelts, galaxids

73
Q

the trout story

A

colonizers thought that rivers should be full of trout so they “increased biodiversity of North America”. as a result, galaxids are being outcompeted and over;redated

74
Q

Order Esociformes

A

pikes, pickerels, muskellunge

75
Q

describe order esociformes

A
  • no teeth on maxillary bone

- dorsal and anal fins set well back on body

76
Q

muskellunge

A
  • largest of escociformes

- native to NA

77
Q

muskellunge

A
  • largest of escociformes

- native to NA

78
Q

order esociformes predatory behavior

A

create s shape to act as spring

79
Q

synapomorphies of superorder paracanthoptergii

A
  • benthic or demersal

- mostly soft fin rays

80
Q

who are in superorder paracanthopterygii?

A

cod, and godlike fishes, toadfishes, anglerfishes

81
Q

the Atlantic codfish

A
  • supply was important to economy
  • “there’s plenty of fish in the sea”
  • became overfished as technology got better
  • adapted to high mortality rates
82
Q

synapomorphies of acanthopterygii

A
  • hard, sharp spines in dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins

- two distinct dorsal fins

83
Q

series in acanthoptergii

A

Mugilomorpha
Atherinomorpha
Percomorpha

84
Q

series mugilomorpha

A

the mullets!

  • euryhaline marine
  • shallow water
  • herbivorous/plantivorious (well developed gill rakers)
  • well separated spinous and soft dorsal fins
85
Q

Series atherinomorpha

A

the silversides, flying fishes, killifishes, topminnows.

86
Q

describe Series atherinomorpha

A
  • demersal eggs

- small

87
Q

series percomorpha

A

perch like fishes

88
Q

orders in series percomorpha

A
  • order pleuronectiformes
  • order tetradontiformes
  • order syngnathiformes
  • order scorpaeniformes
  • order perciformes
89
Q

what is the ancestral condition of the bony fishes (Actinopterygii)?

A

Plesiomorphic (ancestral): heterocercal tail

Apomorphic: homocercal tail

90
Q

ancestral form on pelvic fin

A

abdominal

91
Q

evolutionary trends in Actinopterygiian (bony fish)

A
  1. heterocercal caudal fin to homocercal
  2. low cranial kinesis (birchir) to high cranial kinesis
  3. physostomous gas bladder to physoclistous gas bladder
92
Q

who are the dipnoi?

A

the lungfish!

  • highly fused cranium
  • lack tooth bearing pretax and max bones
  • teeth scattered on palate and arranged in ridges on margins of the palate
  • large jaw muscles
  • fused dorsal, caudal, and pelvic fins
93
Q

who are actinistia

A

the coelacanths

  • have ampullae which are rare in bony fishes
  • fossils from Devonian to creassious
94
Q

eusthenopteron vs. acanthostega

A
  • eusthenopteron had a morphology typical to a pelagic fish

- acanthostega is a shallow water species. large pectoral fins and dorsally placed eyes

95
Q

Gondwana

A

connection of lots of land masses that broke off

96
Q

synapomorphies to amniotes

A
  1. skin
  2. amniotic egg
  3. costal ventilation of lungs
  4. temporal fenestration
97
Q

synapomorphies of lepidosaurs

A
  1. transverse cloacal slit
  2. paired hemipenis
  3. renal sex segment
  4. pattern of ecdysis
  5. distally notched tongue
  6. determinate growth
98
Q

squamata suborders

A
  1. gekkota
  2. scincoidea
  3. lacertoidea
  4. anguimorpha
  5. iguana
  6. serpentes
99
Q

squamata suborders

A
  1. gekkota (basal)
  2. scincoidea
  3. lacertoidea
  4. anguimorpha
  5. iguana
  6. serpentes
100
Q

example of a non arboreal gekko

A

leopard gekko

101
Q

suborder gekkota, family gekkoididae characters

A
  • mostly nocturnal
  • immovable eyelids
  • insectivores
  • modifies scales on toes for climbing (van Der walls)
  • eggs with hard shells
  • vocal using cartilaginous larynx
102
Q

super order Lepidosauria, suborder scincoidea

A
  • worldwide
  • terrestrial
  • insectivores and some herbivores
  • terrestiral
  • ocellus
103
Q

Suborder Lacertoidea, family Teiidae

A

the “whiptails”

  • Ameiva
  • Argentine black and white tegu
  • parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction) somewhat common
104
Q

Suborder Lacertoidea, family Amphisbaenidae

A

worm lizard

  • fossorial
  • annuli facilitate internal concertina locomotion
  • median tooth
105
Q

Suborder Anguimorpha, family anguidae

A
  • lateral fold in skin
  • rectangular scales
  • terrestrial, leaf lizard insectivores
  • four genera (including Ophisaurus) are legless
106
Q

glass lizards are not as good as snakes as moving.

A

they need leaves/traction

107
Q

suborder anguimorpha, family varanidae

A

“monitor lizards”

-africa, australia, asia

108
Q

island gigantism

A
  • kimono dragon

- ate pigmy elephants (bite and venom)

109
Q

suborder iguana, family iguanidae

A
  • large herbivores
  • arboreal
  • one marine species
110
Q

suborder iguana, family dactyloidae

A
  • mainly arboreal
  • brown anole is invasive
  • gular fan
111
Q

suborder iguana, family phrynosomatidae

A
  • terrestrial some arboreal
  • sexually dimorphic
  • head bobbing
  • SCELOPORUS is most important genus with the fence lizard
  • horn lizard
112
Q

suborder iguana, family chamaeleonidae

A
  • highly protrusible tongue
  • independently movable raised eyes
  • laterally compressed bodies
  • prehensile tail
  • zygodactylous feet
  • dwarf chameleon (early 90’s) brookesia
113
Q

Suborder Serpentes groups

A
  1. scolecophidia (“thread snake”, fossorial, reduced eyes, found everywhere)
  2. alethinophidia (Pythons, fossorial, terrestrial, arboreal, ranging in size, aglyphous) families boidae and pythonidae
  3. colubroidea (includes colubridae, elabidae, and viperidae). fossorial, aquatic, arboreal, terrestrial. fast moving with venom and fangs
    (boomslang or coral snakes)
114
Q

venomous gland in colubroides

A

duvernoy glad

115
Q

colubroide dentition

A

opisthoglyphous: rear fanged
proteroglyphous: front fanged, perm erect
solenoglyphous: front fanged, hinged

116
Q

snake venom

A

proteins: include lipase and proteolytic enzymes
polypeptides: “three finger toxins” that interfere with cell to cell communication. neurotoxic, cardiotoxic, anticoagulant

117
Q

less space more bone

A

stronger

118
Q

cranial kinesis is important to snakes because

A

they have no limbs so they need to be able to do everything with there face. since they don’t live in water they can’t use buccal suction. they walk their jaw over their prey

119
Q

locomotion trends

A
  1. lateral undulation: side to side
  2. rectilinear: lengthening and shortening
  3. concertina locamotion: pressing against tube shaped walls
  4. side winding: throwing alternating bends, leaving paired tracks

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