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Animal A&P > Exam 2: Blood > Flashcards

Exam 2: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is transported through the blood?

A

Oxygen, nutrients, waste products, hormones

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2
Q

What is included in the regulation of blood?

A

Body temperature, tissue fluid content, blood pH

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3
Q

What is included in the defense system of blood?

A

White blood cell phagocytosis, platelets, clotting factors

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4
Q

The liquid portion of blood?

A

Plasma

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5
Q

The cellular portion of blood?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

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6
Q

____ is 45% to 78% of a blood sample volume (depending on the species of the animal and the size of its red blood cells)

A

Plasma

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7
Q

Plasma consists of ____% water?

A

93%

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8
Q

Substances dissolved or suspended in plasma?

A
  • Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
  • Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
  • Lipids, amino acids, metabolic wastes, and electrolytes
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9
Q

Carry oxygen?

A

Erythrocytes

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10
Q

Help prevent leaks from damaged blood vessels?

A

Thrombocytes

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11
Q

Leukocytes?

A
  • Granulocytic or agranulocytic

- Multiple functions

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12
Q

Cellular components of blood?

A

Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
Leukocytes

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13
Q

____ is the production of all blood cells?

A

Hematopoiesis

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14
Q

Hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the _____?

A

Red bone marrow

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15
Q

____ hematopoiesis occurs in the liver and spleen?

A

Fetal

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16
Q

Neonatal hematopoiesis occurs in the _____?

A

Red bone marrow

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17
Q

In ____ animals, some red blood marrow is converted to inactive, yellow bone marrow.

A

Older

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18
Q

The yellow bone marrow in older animals is composed of ____ that have replaced some of the active red marrow.

A

Fat cells

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19
Q

In a mature animal, most red bone marrow is found where?

A

At the ends of long bones and in flat bones

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20
Q

The liver and ____ have a limited capacity to participate in hematopoiesis.

A

Spleen

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21
Q

Erythropoiesis?

A

The production of red blood cells

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22
Q

Hormone released from cells in kidney in response to hypoxia?

A

Erythropoietin

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23
Q

Triggers stem cells to divide and differentiate?

A

Erythropoietin

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24
Q

Erythropoiesis has multiple _____ steps?

A

Maturation

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25
Q

Red blood cells are made up of ____% water and ____% solids.

A

65% water; 35% solids

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26
Q

The primary solid found in red blood cells?

A

Hemoglobin

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27
Q

Appearance of red blood cells?

A

Round, anuclear biconcave disks

Vary in size

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28
Q

Red blood cells use ____ for energy

A

Plasma glucose

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29
Q

Hemoglobin is composed of what?

A

Heme and globin

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30
Q

Heme?

A

Pigment portion of hemoglobin

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31
Q

Where is heme produced?

A

The mitochondria

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32
Q

Heme contains ____ atoms?

A

Iron (Fe)

33
Q

Every heme group can carry how many molecules of oxygen?

A

One

34
Q

How many heme groups attach to each globin molecule?

A

Four

35
Q

The protein portion of hemoglobin?

A

Globin

36
Q

What produces globin?

A

Ribosomes

37
Q

Hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

38
Q

In oxyhemoglobin, how many molecules are associated with each iron molecule?

A

One

39
Q

Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen?

A

Deooxyhemoglobin

40
Q

During the carbon dioxide transport, CO2 diffuses into red blood cells and is transformed into what?

A

Carbonic acid

41
Q

Second step in the carbon dioxide transport?

A

The CO2 ionizes into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

42
Q

After CO2 is ionized into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions, _____ accepts the hydrogen ion and _____ diffuses back into the plasma?

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

Bicarbonate

43
Q

RBC life span in dogs?

A

110 days

44
Q

RBC life span in cats?

A

68 days

45
Q

RBC life span in the horse and sheep?

A

150 days

46
Q

RBC life span in cows?

A

160 days

47
Q

RBC life span in mice?

A

20-30 days

48
Q

Process of aging?

A

Senescence

49
Q

In RBC senescence, enzyme activity increases or decreases?

A

Decreases

50
Q

During RBC senescence, how do cells change?

A

Cells loses it deformability. They become rounder and the volume decreases.

51
Q

During RBC senescence, extravascular hemolysis occurs and _____ (especially in the spleen) remove senescent RBCs from circulation.

A

Macrophages

52
Q

During extravascular hemolysis, the RBCs are broken down into components that can be _____ in the body or eliminated as ______?

A

Recycled, waste material

53
Q

What occurs during extravascular hemolysis?

A
  • RBC membrane is destroyed
  • Iron is transported to the red bone marrow
  • Amino acids from globin molecules are transported to the liver for re-use
54
Q

In intravascular hemolysis is associated with the RBCs i circulation that are subjected to ____?

A

Stresses

55
Q

RBCs in circulation subjected to stresses can result in RBC _____ and/or _____

A

Fragmentation and/or destruction

56
Q

In intravascular hemolysis, _____ is released directly into the blood?

A

Hemoglobin

57
Q

Results in decreased 02 carrying capacity of the blood?

A

Anemia

58
Q

Anemia is caused by?

A
  • Low number of circulating mature red blood cells (blood loss, increased RBC destruction, decreased RBC production)
  • Insufficient hemoglobin production (e.g. iron deficiency)
59
Q

Cytoplasmic fragments of bone marrow megakaryocytes?

A

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

60
Q

Thrombopoiesis?

A

Production of platelets

61
Q

Megakaryocytes undergo incomplete ____ during maturation?

A

Mitosis

62
Q

What occurs when megakaryocytes undergo incomplete mitosis?

A
  • Nuclei divide, cytoplasm doesn’t

- Results in multinucleate cell with abundant cytoplasm

63
Q

The circulating platelets are round with numerous ____?

A

Small, purple granules

64
Q

The small, purple granules in platelets contain what?

A

Some of the clotting factors and calcium

65
Q

Platelets remain in peripheral blood until they are removed by _______ because of old age or damage.

A

Tissue macrophages

66
Q

Platelet functions?

A
  • Maintain vascular integrity
  • Formation of platelet plug
  • Stabilize the hemostatic plug
67
Q

What do platelets do to maintain vascular integrity?

A

Platelets release endothelial growth factor into blood vessel endothelial cells

68
Q

How do platelets form the platelet plug?

A
  • Attracted to exposed connective tissue of damaged blood vessel
  • Adhere to exposed connective tissue and each other
69
Q

What forms when the platelets are stabilizing the hemostatic plug?

A

Fibrin strands form a netlike mesh around and through the platelets.

70
Q

Classifications of white blood cells (leukocytes)

A
  • Functions
  • Presence or absence of granules
  • Nuclear shape
71
Q

Leukopoiesis occurs where?

A

In red bone marrow. Some lymphocytes develop further outside bone marrow

72
Q

Leukopoiesis is the same pluripotent stem cell that produces _____ and _____.

A

Red blood cells and megakaryocytes

73
Q

During leukopoiesis, each type of white blood cell has its own _____ for production?

A

Stimulus

74
Q

Granulopoiesis?

A

Production of the neutophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

75
Q

In the beginning of granulopoiesis there are no cytoplasmic granules, but then what is formed?

A

Non-specific granules

76
Q

During granulopoiesis, specific ____ are produced during maturation.

A

Granules

77
Q

Specific granules contain different _____ depending on the cell’s function.

A

Substances

78
Q

Example of specific granules?

A

Neutrophil granules contain lysosomal enzymes used in phagocytosis

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