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Psychology > Exam 2 - Chapters 4 & 5 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapters 4 & 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Basic registration of light, sound, pressure, odor, and taste.

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2
Q

Perception

A

Organization, identification, and interpretation of sensations in order to form a mental representation.

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3
Q 
Chemical or physical energy?
Vision \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Hearing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Touch \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Smell \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Taste \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
Physical
Physical
Physical
Chemical
Chemical
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4
Q

What stimuli does a cone detect?

A

Detects color when bright. Allows us to focus on fine detail.

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5
Q

What stimuli does a rod detect?

A

Responsible for vision at low light levels. Also size and shape.

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6
Q

What stimuli does a corpuscles detect?

A

Sensitivity to vibration and pressure

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7
Q

What stimuli does a free nerve ending detect?

A

Detects mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimuli across body.

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8
Q

What stimuli does a olfactory receptor detect?

A

Responsible for detection of smells.

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9
Q

What stimuli does a hair cell detect?

A

Auditory receptor neurons embedded in basilar membrane. Detect sounds.

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10
Q

What stimuli does a taste receptor detect?

A

Facilitates sense of taste via taste buds.

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11
Q

What part of the brain relays sensory input to the proper parts of the cerebral cortex?

A

Thalamus, except for olfactory receptors.

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12
Q

Three qualities of light

A

Saturation - Number of distinct wavelengths that make up light. Richness.
Hue - Length of wave, what allows us to perceive as a color.
Intensity - Amplitude of wave. Brightness.

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13
Q

Function of Retina

A

Receives light and converts it into neural signals.

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14
Q

Function of Fovea

A

A part of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all.

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15
Q

Function of Iris

A

Muscle around pupil that controls size of pupil, thus how much light enters the eye

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16
Q

Function of Lens

A

Changes shape to focus light into the retina from different distances.

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17
Q

Which part of the brain processes raw visual data?

A

Area V1, part of the occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex.

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18
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

Towards Parietal lobe. The “what” pathway.

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19
Q

Ventral Stream

A

Towards Temporal lobe. The “where” pathway. Also helps guide movements.

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20
Q

Binocular Depth Cues

A

The difference in retinal image of both eyes provides information about depth.

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21
Q

Monocular Depth Cues

A

Aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye.

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22
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A 
Simplicity
Closure
Continuity
Similarity
Proximity
Common Fate
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23
Q

Simplicity

A

Simplest explanation is usually best.

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24
Q

Closure

A

Tendency to fill in missing elements of a visual scene.

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25
Q

Continuity

A

Tendency to move along edges in a smooth flowing way.

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26
Q

Similarity

A

Regions similar in color, lightness, shape, or texture are grouped.

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27
Q

Proximity

A

Tendency to group objects close together.

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28
Q

Common Fate

A

Tendency to group elements of a visual image that move together as a single moving object.

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29
Q

Three qualities of sound.

A

Pitch - How high or low a sound is. Frequency.
Intensity - How loud a sound is. Amplitude.
Timbre - Complexity of a sound, sound quality, resonance.

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30
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Comprehension of speech

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31
Q

Brocas’ Area

A

Generation of speech

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32
Q

What part of cerebral cortex is involved interpreting sound?

A

Temporal lobe

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33
Q

why does smell detect more stimuli than taste?

A

The nose contains 350 different olfactory receptors while the taste system contains just five.

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34
Q

What stimuli are detected by taste?

A

Salt, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami

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35
Q

What stimuli are detected by sound?

A

Sound waves and pressure.

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36
Q

Why is flavor a perception and not a sensation?

A

Flavor is taste and smell in collaboration.

37
Q

Why are smell and taste important to the evolution of humans?

A

To avoid bad things and get good things.

38
Q

Somatosensation

A

sensations of touch, temperature, body position, and pain recognized through neural receptors in the skin and certain internal organs.

39
Q

What part of the body has the most touch receptors?

A

Tongue, lips, fingertips.

40
Q

Why is pain a perception and not a sensation?

A

It’s not tangible.

41
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

Signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped (gated) by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback in two directions.

42
Q

Why can people sometimes forget about their pain?

A

extreme conditions such as high stress as well as distraction

43
Q

Three body senses

A

Position
Movement
Balance

44
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

3 fluid-filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to cochlea in the inner ear

45
Q

Proprioception

A

The unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation.

46
Q

Proprioceptive System

A

contributes to the ability to determine where one’s body is in space.

47
Q

Kinesthetic Sense

A

Sense of movement

48
Q

Parallel Processing

A

The brain’s capacity to perform multiple activities at the same time.

49
Q

Top-down processing

A

Background knowledge to influence our perception.

50
Q

Bottom up Processing

A

When stimulus dictates our perception

51
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus.

52
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time (absolute threshold).

53
Q

Binding Problem

A

How the brain links features together so that we see unified objects in our visual world.

54
Q

Illusory Conjunctions

A

A perceptual mistake whereby the brain incorrectly combines features from multiple objects.

55
Q

Feature Integration Theory

A

The idea that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that make up a stimulus but is required to bind those individual features together.

56
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur.

57
Q

Selective Attention

A

the capacity for or process of reacting to certain stimuli selectively when several occur simultaneously.

58
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

A failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention.

59
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failure to detect changes to the visual details of a scene.

60
Q

Four Basic Properties of Conciousness

A

Intentionality
Unity
Selectivity
Transcience

61
Q

Intentionality

A

The quality of being directed toward an object.

62
Q

Unity

A

The ability to integrate information from all of the body’s senses into a coherent whole.

63
Q

Selectivity

A

Capacity to include some objects but not others

64
Q

Transience

A

Tendency to change

65
Q

Three Levels of Consiousness

A

Minimal Consciousness
Full Consciousness
Self-Consciousness

66
Q

Experience

A

Knowing of

67
Q

Agency

A

Feeling in control of

68
Q

Rebound Effect of Thought Surpression

A

The more you try not to think about something, the more you think about it.

69
Q

Three hypothesis to sleep

A

1) Restoration and recovery of body systems
2) Energy Conservation
3) Memory

70
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

A naturally occurring 24 hour cycle

71
Q

Stage 1 Sleep

A

Drowsiness or transition from being awake to falling asleep. Theta Waves.

72
Q

Stage 2

A

beginning of sleep. sleep spindles, K complexes.

73
Q

Stage 3 and 4

A

firmly and deeply asleep. Delta waves

74
Q

REM

A

dreaming, paralysis, rapid eye movement. Waves fast and almost awake

75
Q

Hypnagogic State

A

pre-sleep consciousness

76
Q

Hypnic Jerk

A

sudden falling

77
Q

Hypnopompic State

A

postsleep consciousness

78
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty in falling asleep

79
Q

Narcolepsy

A

easiness in falling asleep

80
Q

Sleep Paralysis

A

Waking up while paralyzed

81
Q

Night Terrors

A

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal.

82
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

when person stops breathing for brief periods.

83
Q

Stimulants

A

Substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels.

84
Q

Depressants

A

Substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system.

85
Q

Narcotics

A

Highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain.

86
Q

Hallucinogenic Drugs

A

Drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations.

87
Q

Agonists

A

Increase activity of neurotransmitter

88
Q

Antagonists

A

Decrease activity of neurotransmitter

Psychology (4 decks)

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