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Biology of Disease II > Exam 2: Female Reproductive Pathology > Flashcards

Exam 2: Female Reproductive Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common types of cysts in female reproductive anatomy?

A

Periovarian (typically congenital)
Follicular
Luteal

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2
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cystic ovarian disease?

A

Ovulation fails to occur (no LH surge, follicle continues to grow)
Based on size

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3
Q

What species are ovarian cysts the biggest problem?

A

High producing dairy cow

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4
Q

What is the pathogenesis of a luteinized cyst?

A

An anovulatory follicle with theca cells that have undergone luteinization
Forms a thick wall, cells composed of luteal cells and fibrous capsule
Lack of ovulation leads to no ovulation papilla (site of follicle rupture) = anestrus

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5
Q

What are subsurface epithelial structures?

A

Cystic structures not related to follicles (serosal overing of the ovary)
Precancerous –> adenocarcinoma

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6
Q

What are the cellular/morphological characteristics of theca cell tumors?

A

A mixture of neoplastic theca and granulosa cells
Typically unilateral with a smooth surface
Cystic and can be large
Commonly benign

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7
Q

What are the cellular characteristics of thecomas?

A

Tumor of just theca cells
Uncommon

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8
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for horses for granulosa-theca cell tumors?

A

Evaluating serum anti-Mullerian hormone
Normal: < 4 ng/ml
Tumor: > 4 ng/ml
98% sensitivity

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8
Q

What are the clinical effects of granulosa-theca cell tumors?

A

Hormone secretion (testosterone, inhibin, estrogen, progesterone, anti-mullerian hormone)
Behavioral changes (masculinization), persistent estrus or anestrus
Benign, but can rupture and cause hemoabdomen

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8
Q

What are the cellular/morphologic characteristics of adenocarcinomas?

A

Arise from subsurface epithelial structures
Grossly can look similar to GTCT

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9
Q

What is a common tumor in high-producing commercial poultry and backyard flocks?

A

Avian ovarian carcinomatosis

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10
Q

What are 2 examples of female germ cell tumors?

A

Dysgermioma
Teratoma

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of dysgermiomas?

A

Synonymous with male seminoma
Rare, but can be malignant

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of teratomas?

A

Rare benign gonada tumors
Rarely in extragonadal sites
Contain components of all 3 germinal layers (endodermal, mesoderm, and ectoderm)
Hair ovary

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13
Q

Define: Oophoritis
What causes it?

A

Inflammation of the ovary
Secondary inflammation: ascending infection o pyometra or systemic infection

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14
Q

What (3) conditions occur from abnormalities in uterus position or location?

A

Torsion: 180 degree rotation causes circulatory disruption - prone to rupture
Prolapse: cows, ewes, and sows following parturition
RuptureL can be due to torsion, dystocia, manipulations

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15
Q

What are the common causes of cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Persistent corpus luteum
Pregestational compound administration
Granulosa cell tumors
Follicular cysts
Bacteria
Estrogenic plants

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16
Q

What is a common sequela/associated finding with cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Pyometra

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17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Exogenous/ednogenous estrogen –> increased progesterone receptors –> progesterone from diestrus leads to cystic hyperplastic endometrial response

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18
Q

Define: Hydrometra?Mucometra

A

Accumulation of mucous or serous fluid
Secondary to prolonged progesterone/CEM or obstruction

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pyometra?

A

Most commonly presents during diestrus and associated with CEH
Endometritis –> metritis –> perimetritis

20
Q

What is the most common bacterial isolate of pyometra?

A

E. coli

21
Q

Compare open vs closed pyometra

A

Open = vaginal discharge
Closed = marked uterine distension and potential rupture

22
Q

Taylorella equigenitalis

A

Contagious equine metriris
Highly contagious venereal disease
Causes transient infertility
Culture or PCR

23
Q

What are nonspecific lower urinary tract contaminants postpartum?

A

Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae

24
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Abortion

25
Q

Brucellosis

A

Abortion

26
Q

What causes endometrial adenocarcinoma?

A

Prolonged estrogen stimulation

27
Q

What animals are more prone to endometrial adenocarcinoma?

A

Common in rabbits, also seen in cattle
80% develop by 5 years in rabbits

28
Q

Leiomyoma/Leiomyosarcoma

A

Tumor of smooth muscle
Uterine tumor
Can also occur in cervix or vagina (dog)

29
Q

What is the most common. uterine tumor of female goats and dogs?

A

Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma
Typically considered benign in the dog

30
Q

What breed is predisposed to uterine leiomyomas? What is the pathogenesis

A

German Shepherds
Paraneoplstic syndrome of polycystic renal adenocarcinoma
Inherited autosomal dominant missense mutation in the Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) gene
Renal-tumor derived growth factors may stimulate fibrous tissue proliferation = nodular dermal fibrosis

31
Q

What causes bovine uterine lymphoma?

A

Lymphosarcoma
Associated with bovine leukosis virus (BLV) associated disease

32
Q

What are the 5 common sites of BLV induced lymphosarcoma?

A

Uterus
Abomasum
Retro bulbar
Extradural - within the spinal canal
Heart

33
Q

What causes pathologic vulvar edema? Where is it most commonly seen?

A

Swine: mycotoxins Zearalenone
Typically found in young gilts, can lead to vaginal prolapse

34
Q

Equine Herpesvirus 3

A

Equine coital exanthema
Vulvovaginitis
Ulcerations, hemorrhage and edema

35
Q

Bovine Herpesvirus 1

A

Infectious bovine pustular vulvovaginitis
Ulcerations, hemorrhage, and edema

36
Q

What is the general rule for herpes?

A

Necrosis

37
Q

Canine Clitoral Adenocarcinoma

A

Apocrine glands within the clitoris
Closely resemble anal sac adenocarcinomas (hypercalcemia, often metastasize to regional nodes, histologic morphology)

38
Q

Transmissible Venereal Tumor

A

Contagious round cell neoplasm
Derived from genetically altered histiocytes

39
Q

What distinct cytology is associated with transmissible venereal tumors?

A

Pleomorphic round cells with punctate cytoplasmic vacuoles

40
Q

What is the pathogenesis of mastitis?

A

Typically caused by bacterial infections
Ascending route most common
Homogenous infections = Mycoplasma, Mycobacterium
Most important disease process in the cow (due to economic determinants)
Better to think of this process as inflammatory rather than infectious

41
Q

Staphylococcus Mastitis

A

Subclinical –> severe
Contagious
Affected mammae = swollen and tense
Can leads to gangrenous mastitis
Severely effects lactation = economic issue

42
Q

Coliform Mastitis

A

Environmental bacteria (most common E. coli)
Not contagious
Infection is usually centered on one quarter and inflammation centered on duct epithelium
Can form sequestrum (island of severe necrosis)
Likely the most important cause of severe clinical mastitis due to surveillance of truly contagious organisms

43
Q

Streptococcal Mastitis

A

S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae
Considered a permanent infection, ebbs and flows with the inflammatory population
Left unchecked can lead to fibrosis and mammary involution

44
Q

Mycoplasma Mastitis

A

M bovis
Clinical signs: sudden agalactia
Rapid spread from mammae to mammae and to other lactating individuals
Inflammatory patterns: = lymphocytic and histiocytic interstitial mastitis with glandular hyperplasia

45
Q

Lentivirus Mastitis

A

Maedi-visna virus (ovine progressive pneumonia) = affects both mammae
Perdominantly histiocytic and lymphocytic interstitial interstitial inflammation
Fibrosis is not a feature(

46
Q

Canine Mammary Carcinoma

A

Grading schemes for clinical prognostics
Poor prognostic factors = neoplasm > 3 3m, lymphatic invasion, level of differentiation

47
Q

Feline Mammary Carcinomas

A

75 - 90% of neoplasms are carcinomas
Prognostic grading schemes
Extreme excision tends to have longer survival time

48
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Arise from subsurface epithelial structures

Biology of Disease II (29 decks)

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