exam 2 guide

Question 1

define domestication

Answer 1

changing a plant or animal through selective breeding

Question 2

neolithic revolution

Answer 2

the old world, villages where resources are concentrated, sedentism and food storage before domestication, spread of food production and villages

Question 3

the oasis theory

Answer 3

V. Gordon Childe, 1936. drying climate caused people, plants and animals to crowd around oases in the fertile crescent. people discovered they could farm, herd animals

Question 4

the hilly flanks theory

Answer 4

robert braidwood, 1948. people in hilly areas of the feretile crescent lived on wild wheat, rye, barley, sheep, goats… discovered they could farm, herd animals when they move to new environments

Question 5

problems with these two theories

Answer 5

food production is more work, less secure, less healthy, theories dont work outside fertile crescent

Question 6

neolithic revolution the new world

Answer 6

first domestication of non food resources, first domestication by mobile foragers, crop plants spread to new places before villages, few domesticable animals

Question 7

the coevolution theory

Answer 7

david rindos 1978, 1984

Question 8

about coevolution theory

Answer 8

crop plants start as low-ranked resources, plants start to change, become more productive, people incorporate them into normal diet, population rises and other resources are depleted, people become dependent

Question 9

what is new besides crops in neolithic?

Answer 9

polished stone and agricultural tools, ceramics become common, woven clothes appear, village life,monumental architecture, social inequality appears

Question 10

describe neolithic health

Answer 10

staple foods: hard work, high calorie, low nutrition, food shortages, villages and increases population (more disease), population increases rapidly

Question 11

the emergence of cities and states

Answer 11

increased productivity of agriculture, increased population density, increased capacity to organize people and labor, increased stratification and social inequality

Question 12

the problem with the process of forming cities and sates

Answer 12

need for collective action and leaders to facilitate decisions

Question 13

integrative modes

Answer 13

wittfogels hydraulic theory and trade and redistribution

Question 14

what was wiitfogels hydraulic theory?

Answer 14

states organize laabor to build irrigation systems, power from controlling water

Question 15

trade and redistribution is?

Answer 15

elites control long distance trade, pool and redistribute resources taken as tribute

Question 16

what were some problems with the intergrative models?

Answer 16

irrigation without states, states withough irrigation. high value trade items not necessary for survival. elites dont effectively redistribute resources

Question 17

what are two conflict models of state formation

Answer 17

carnieros circumscription theory and marxist and crypto-marxist conflict theories

Question 18

what is caneiros circumscription theory?

Answer 18

losers leave an area after conflict, unless circumscribed

Question 19

what is the marxist and crypto-marxist conflict theory?

Answer 19

production requires invevstments, cost of leaving>elites and state becomes a protection racket (mafia)

Question 20

problems with these conflict models of state information

Answer 20

states with out circumscription, high investment production. states and leaders do provide some useful services

Question 21

name two agency models

Answer 21

aggrandizers and the negotiation model

Question 22

what is the aggrandizers?

Answer 22

some people seek power. long-distance trade or labor to create high value goods. use prestige items as gifts to build and keep power

Question 23

what is the negotiation model?

Answer 23

leaders both provide services and impose costs. power is a constant negotiation between rulers and ruled

Question 24

human diversity: clines

Answer 24

physical traits vary gradually across space, low correlation of traits, more variability within than between populations

Question 25

race in america-history

Answer 25

american colonies lacked labor, africans had immunity to disease, slavery abolished 1865, jim crow laws until 1960’s

Question 26

race and science

Answer 26

social darwinism viewed non-whites as sub-human. anthropology led critique of racist ideas by early 20th century

Question 27

medical anthropology

Answer 27

studies the cultural aspects of health and medicine

Question 28

what is an example of medical anthro?

Answer 28

native americans: Dine healing restores spiritual imbalance, tsimane treatment for parasites in plants, chile.

Question 29

what are some characteristics of culture?

Answer 29

largely non-discursive, learned through enculturation, shared within a society, based on symbols, an integrated system of parts, dynamic and changing and it is ethnocentric

Question 30

what are some functions of culture?.

Answer 30

meets needs, adaptation, and balances needs of individuals and needs of the group