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Physiology > Exam 2: Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Lecture 16 Flashcards

Body Fluids and Compartments: Urinary system overview

1
Q

What are the major cations in the intracellular fluid?

A

K+ and Mg++

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2
Q

What are the major cations in extracellular fluid?

A

Na+ and Ca++

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3
Q

What are the major anions in the extracellular fluid?

A

Cl- and HCO3-

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4
Q

What are the major anions in the intracellular fluid?

A

PO4- and proteins

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5
Q

What is the difference between osmoLARity and osmoLALity?

A

OsmoLARity: concentration of particles per liter solution

OsmoLALity is concetration of particles per kg of solvent

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6
Q

What is an effective osmole, and what is its relation to osmotic force?

A

A solute that struggles to cross a membrane and creates an osmotic force for water

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7
Q

What is an example of an effective osmole for the vascular compartment?

A

Proteins in the vascular compartment

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8
Q

What are the major sources for fluid loss?

A

Sweat, feces and urine, evaporation (not felt)

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9
Q

What are major sources for fluid intake?

A

Ingestion and metabolism

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10
Q

What is the basic metabolic profile for

Glucose:
Creatine:
BUN:

A

Glucose: 80
Creatine: 1
BUN: 15

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11
Q

What is the osmolar gap, and what is its normal value?

A

Osmolar gap is the difference between measured osmolarity and estimated osmolarity

Normal value is less than or equal to 15

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12
Q

What would be the osmolar gap is measured osmolarity is 30 and estimated osmolarity is 15?

A

Measured - Estimated = 15

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13
Q

What affects osmolar gap?

A

Concentration levels of the basic metabolic profile

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14
Q

How is one able to calculate potential osmotic pressure if given osmolarity? (Hint: think about 19.3 mmHg)

A

If you are able to determine the osmolarity (mOsm/L) than multiplying the value times 19.3 will result in the potential osmotic pressure

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15
Q

What are major ions that determine most of the total osmolarity of the interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid) and intracellular fluid?

A

In the interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid) 80% is due to sodium and chloride ions

In the intracellular fluid, 50% is due to the potassium ions

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16
Q

When isotonic solution is added to extracellular fluid, what happens to the volume of extracellular and intracellular fluid?

A

Extracell volume: Increases
Intracell volume: stays the same

With isotonic solutions, volume doesn’t change in the cell

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17
Q

What is the osmolarity of an isotonic solution, like 0.9% NaCl or 5% glucose solutions?

A

282 mOsm/L

18
Q

When HYPERtonic saline is added to the extracellular fluid, what happens to the volume of the extracell and intracell fluid?

A

Extracellular volume: Increases

Intracellular volume: Decreases

19
Q

When HYPERtonic saline is added to the extracellular fluid, what happens to the osmolarity in both compartments?

A

Osmolarity increases in both compartments

20
Q

What is the osmolarity of a hypertonic solution?

A

Greater than 282 mOsm/L

21
Q

When HYPOtonic saline is added to the extracellular fluid, what happens to the volume of the extracell and intracell fluid?

A

Extracellular volume: Increases

Intracellular volume: Increases

22
Q

When HYPOtonic saline is added to the extracellular fluid, what happens to the osmolarity in both compartments?

A

Osmolarity DECREASES in both compartments when hypotonic solution is added

23
Q

If the osmolarity increases in both compartments, what can be predicted of the volume of the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. Explain?

A

The volume of the extracellular fluid increases and the intracellular fluid decreases, because this is a hypertonic solution. Hypertonic solutions increase osmolarity in both compartments

24
Q

What is the relationship of fluid accumulation in the tissues when the interstitial fluid pressure is below zero?

A

Little to know fluid accumulates in the tissues

25
Q

What is the interstitial fluid pressure when free fluid starts rapidly accumulating in the tissues?

A

Interstitial fluid pressure is greater than zero

26
Q

What is the location of glomeruli of cortical nephrons?

A

Glomeruli of cortical nephrons are located in the outer cortex

27
Q

Between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons, which possess longer loops of Henle?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle

28
Q

What is the location of glomeruli of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

deep in the renal cortex near the medulla

29
Q

Deep in the renal cortex, the glomeruli of which type of nephrons can be found? What about in the outer cortex?

A

Renal cortex: juxtamedullary nephrons

Outer cortex: cortical nephrons

30
Q

About what percent of total cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

A

22%

31
Q

In what two ways do efferent arterioles regulate hydrostatic pressure in the kidney capillaries?

A

Efferent arterioles cause filtration of reabsorption

32
Q

Efferent arterioles help regulate hydrostatic pressure in what 2 capillaries of the kidney?

A
  • Glomerular capillaries

- Peritubular capillaries

33
Q

High hydrostatic pressure around 60 mmHg in the glomerular capillaries causes what rxn of the efferent arterioles?

A. Slow fluid filtration
B. Slow reabsorption
C. Fast fluid filtration
D. Fast fluid reabsorption

A

Fast fluid filtration

34
Q

Low hydrostatic pressure at 13 mmHg in the peritubular capillaries causes what rxn of the efferent arterioles?

A. Slow fluid filtration
B. Slow reabsorption
C. Fast fluid filtration
D. Fast fluid reabsorption

A

Fast fluid reabsorption

35
Q

Blood flow INTO the kidneys enters at the renal artery and ends through the efferent arterioles. Label the blood flow in numerical order.

Renal artery: 
Interlobular arteries: 
Arcuate arteries:
Afferent arterioles: 
Glomerular capillaries: 
Interlobar arteries:
Efferent arterioles:
A 
Renal artery: 1
Interlobular arteries: 4
Arcuate arteries: 3
Afferent arterioles: 5
Glomerular capillaries: 6
Interlobar arteries: 2
Efferent arterioles: 7
Renal artery: 1
Interlobar arteries: 2
Arcuate arteries: 3
Interlobular arteries: 4
Afferent arterioles: 5
Glomerular capillaries: 6
Efferent arterioles: 7
36
Q

Blood flow FROM the kidneys starts exiting through the peritubular capillaries and ends through the renal veins. Label the vlood flow in numerical order.

Peritubular capillaries: 
Interlobular veins: 
Interlobar veins: 
Acurate veins: 
Renal veins:
A 
Peritubular capillaries: 1
Interlobular veins: 2
Interlobar veins: 4 
Acurate veins: 3
Renal veins: 5
Peritubular capillaries: 1
Interlobular veins: 2
Acurate veins: 3
Interlobar veins: 4 
Renal veins: 5
37
Q

What are the 2 general causes of HYPOnatremia, and what are the consequences?

A

Excess water or loss of sodium causes hyponatremia and leads to cell swelling

38
Q

If hyponatremia is caused by excess water or loss of sodium, what are the causes of HYPERnatremia?

A

Water loss or excess sodium

39
Q

Which of the following is likely to result due to hypernatremia?

A. Cell swelling
B. Cell shrinkage
C. Nothing

A

Cell shrinkage results from hypernatremia

40
Q

What are the 3 potential causes of intracellular edema?

A
  • HYPOnatremia
  • depression of the tissue’s metabolic system
  • lack of adequate nutrition for cells due to abnormal blood flow
41
Q

Extracellular edema occurs when excess fluid accumulates in the extracellular spaces. What are the 2 potential causes of this?

A
  • abnormal leakage of fluid to extracell space

- failed lymphatic return from extracell to the blood

Physiology (8 decks)

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