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Genetics > Exam 2 Mendelin > Flashcards

Exam 2 Mendelin Flashcards

1
Q

If you were interested in deciphering heredity, what characteristics would you want in an organism

A

easy to grow/house
distinct traits that are easy to measure
short generation interval
produce many offspring

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2
Q

Components of scientific process

A

Formulate a hypothesis
experimental design
collect data
analyze data
interpret data
generate new hypothesis

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3
Q

To formulate a hypothesis you have to

A

observe stuff and be skeptical

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4
Q

a priori

A

from the earlier
prior knowledge

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5
Q

a posterior

A

from the later

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

your belief on how things work
should be falsifiable

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7
Q

Mendel’s Hypothesis process

A

bred true/ control lines of round and wrinkled

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8
Q

Mendel’s experimental design/collecting data

A

cross the controls
get all round
cross again and wrinkle trait reappears

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9
Q

Mendel’s analyze/interpret data

A

Round 3:1 wrinkled
large number in the experiment

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10
Q

Mendel’s new hypothesis

A

2 particles of inheritance
R and r

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11
Q

Mendel’s Test model- make predictions

A

Crossed all of the F2 rounds to get the 3:1 ratio again
Test on a different trait to prove it

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12
Q

Gene

A

discrete factor of inheritence

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13
Q

Allele

A

alternative forms of a gene

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14
Q

Locus

A

specific location on a chromosome

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15
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of alleles

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16
Q

Homozygote

A

two identical alleles at locus

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17
Q

Heterozygote

A

two different alleles at locus

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

manifestation or appearance of a characteristic

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19
Q

Dominant

A

Phen1 is dominant to Phen2 if the F1 heterozygotes have Phen1
R

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20
Q

Recessive

A

r

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21
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

between two lines that breed true for one trait

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22
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

a breeding experiment between two organisms which are identical hybrids for two traits

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23
Q

Parental generation

A

F0 or P

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24
Q

F1

A

first filial generation

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25
Q

F2

A

second filial generation

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26
Q

Backcross

A

take the F1 offspring and breed with one of the parents

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27
Q

Reciprocal backcross

A

take the offspring of one generation and cross them back to the male or female parent

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28
Q

Mendel’s laws

A

First law- segregation
Second law- independent assortment

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29
Q

First law segregation

A
  1. each individual organism possesses two alleles encoding a trait (diploid)
  2. Alleles separate when gametes are formed
  3. alleles separate in equal proportions
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30
Q

Second Law Independent assortment

A

alleles at different loci separate independently

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31
Q

Probability

A

expresses the likelihood of the occurrence of a particular event

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32
Q

Conditional Probability

A

a probability that is modified by additional information that another event has occurred

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33
Q

Multiplication rule

A

stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each of the individual events

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34
Q

Addition rule

A

stating that the probability of any of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring is calculated by adding the probabilities of the individual events

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35
Q

Testcross

A

cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual with the homozygous recessive genotype

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36
Q

Homozygous recessive is considered a

A

control

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37
Q

Wild type

A

the trail or allele that is most commonly found in natural (wild) populations
denoted with a +

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38
Q

superscripts and subscripts

A

added to distinguish between genes

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39
Q

Slash

A

used to distinguish the two alleles present in an individual genotype

40
Q

underscore

A

indicates that any allele is possible

41
Q

The two mechanisms of sex determination

A

chromosomal
environmental

42
Q

The difference between sex chromosomes and autosomal chromosomes

A

throughout most of their length they are not homologous (gene sequence does not encode for the same characteristics

43
Q

Pseudo autosomal region

A

the X and Y chromosomes are homologous at only these regions
essential for X=Y chromosome pairing in meiosis in the male

44
Q

Sex refers to

A

the sexual phenotype

45
Q

one difference between male and female gametes is

A

size

46
Q

The mechanism by which sex is established is called

A

sex determination

47
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

both sexes present in the same organism

48
Q

Monoecious

A

individual have both male and female

49
Q

Dioecious

A

individuals have either male or female reproductive structures

50
Q

Examples of environmental sex determination

A

temperature determining sex in bearded dragons
Slipper limpets sex determination by where they are in the pile

51
Q

Chromosomal theory of heredity

A

genes are present on chromosomes which serve as vehicles for segregation of genes in meiosis

52
Q

XX-XO

A

simplest forms of chromosomal sex determination
female have two Xs, males only get one

53
Q

Heterogametic

A

different sex with 2 different chromosomes

54
Q

Homogametic

A

same chromosomes

55
Q

XX-XY

A

sex determination that mammals use
females have XX
males have XY

56
Q

X and Y pair in the _____ region

A

pseudoautosomal

57
Q

ZZ-ZW

A

Common in birds, some reptiles, butterflies, some amphibians
males are ZZ, females are ZW

58
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

XO
1:3000, usually sterile
Sometimes cells are XX and others are XO
Mosaic- cells in an individual have different composition of chromosomes

59
Q

Poly X

A

XXX, XXXX
1:1000
better than Turner’s syndrome (at least have all of the cells)
no known cases of an individual without an X (never develop)

60
Q

Kleinfelter syndrome

A

XXY, XXXY, XXXXY, XXYY
1:1000, usually sterile

61
Q

XYY males

A

1:1000, usually normal

62
Q

Sex determining region Y (SRY)

A

encodes a transcription factor that promotes differentiation of the testes

63
Q

Mammals in early development have

A

undifferentiated gonads

64
Q

Males are _____ for genes on the X chromosome

A

hemizygous

65
Q

hemizygous

A

only one copy

66
Q

montremes

A

5 copies

67
Q

Dosage compensation

A

females have two copies, male have 1 copy of x-specific genes, affects the amount of protein produced

68
Q

Lyon hypothesis

A

within the female cell, one of the 2 X chromosomes is inactivated
(happens early in development)

69
Q

Genetic maternal effect

A

determination of phenotype by the genotype of the mother

70
Q

Dominance

A

Phen1 is dominant to Phen2 if the F1 heterozygote have Phen1

71
Q

Traits are

A

dominant or recessive

72
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

type of dominance in which the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes

73
Q

Complete dominance

A

type of dominance in which the same phenotype is expressed in homozygotes (AA) and in heterozygotes (Aa)
only the phenotype of the dominant allele is expressed

74
Q

Codominance

A

type of allelic interaction in which the heterozygote simultaneously expresses traits of both homozygotes

75
Q

The nature of the dominance is relative to

A

the level at which the phenotype is examined

76
Q

Penetrance

A

percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that express the phenotype expected of that genotype

77
Q

Incomplete penetrance

A

A case in which some individuals possess the genotype for a trait but do not express the expected phenotype

78
Q

Expressivity

A

degree to which a trait is expressed
Example- polydactyl
- some people have extra digits
-some have extra skin tags

79
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Presence of more than 2 alleles at a locus in a group of diploid individuals: however each individual of the group has only two of the possible alleles

80
Q

[n(n+1)/2]

A

number of genotypes possible

81
Q

lethal allele

A

allele that causes the death of an individual organism, often early in development, so that the organism does not appear in the progeny of a genetic cross

82
Q

Compound heterzygote

A

an individual who carries two different alleles at a locus that result in a recessive phenotype

83
Q

Gene interaction

A

interaction between genes at different loci that affect the same characteristic

84
Q

Epistasis

A

type of gene interaction in which a gene at one locus masks or suppresses the effects of a gene at a different locus

85
Q

epistatic gene

A

gene that makes or suppresses the effect of a gene at a different locus

86
Q

hypostatic gene

A

gene that is masked or suppressed by the action of a gene at a different locus

87
Q

recessive epistasis

A

the recessive genotype at one locus makes the phenotype at a second locus

88
Q

Dominant epistasis

A

a single copy of an allele at one locus masks the phenotype of a second locus

89
Q

Duplicate recessive epistasis

A

two recessive alleles at either of the two loci are capable of suppressing a phenotype

90
Q

Complementation Test

A

test designed to determine whether two different mutations are at the same locus (are allelic) or at different loci (nonallelic)

91
Q

sex influenced

A

characteristic encoded by autosomal genes that are more readily expressed in one sex

92
Q

sex limited

A

characteristic encoded by autosomal genes and expressed in only one sex

93
Q

cytoplasmic inheritance

A

inheritance of characteristics encoded by genes located in the cytoplasm
usually contributed entirely by one parent

94
Q

Genetic maternal effect

A

determination of the phenotype of an offspring not by its own genotype but by the nuclear genotype of its mother

95
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

differential expression of a gene that depends on the sex of the parent that transmitted the gene

Genetics (5 decks)

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