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Food Science 301 > Exam 2: Microbiology > Flashcards

Exam 2: Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of a spore?

A

Encapsulates important structures in a tough outer coat (spore), during unfavorable environmental conditions
–most bacteria form endospores

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2
Q

Fungi: Molds

A

-Eukaryotic, Multicellular
-Larger than bacteria
-Form coatings on food or surfaces (cannot synthesize their own food)

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3
Q

Fungi: Yeasts

A

-Eukaryotic, Unicellular
-Smaller than molds, larger than bacteria
-slimy, creamy/white colonies
-facultative anaerobes

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4
Q

Fungi: Mushrooms

A

-Forms a fruiting body
-nutrients for growth come from organic matter (absorbed via hyphae, to feed growing fruiting body)

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5
Q

Protozoa:

A

-Microscopic organisms that derive nourishment and protection from other living organisms
-they live and reproduce within the cells, tissues, and organs of the host cells

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6
Q

Viruses:

A

-Smaller than bacteria
-Neither prokaryote or eukaryote (acellular. not living)
-Composed of DNA or RNA and surrounded by a protective protein coat
-Cannot synthesize protein. must invade host to replicate

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7
Q

What is a Food borne Illness Outbreak:

A

When 2 or more people get the same illness from the same contaminated food or drink

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8
Q

What is the source of most food borne illness?

A

Animal products:

-Chicken
-Pork
-Beef
-Turkey
-Eggs
-Dairy

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9
Q

The Big 6: Food Borne Illnesses

A
  1. Shigella spp
  2. Salmonella Typhi
  3. Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS)
  4. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) E. Coli
  5. Norovirus
  6. Hepatitis A Virus
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10
Q

Nomenclature of Microorganisms:

A

Species, Genus, Epithet (descriptor)

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11
Q

What contributes to the growth of microorganisms in food?

A
  1. Type of fertilizers
  2. Water Quality
  3. Air Quality
  4. Soil Condition
  5. Diseases of Plants
  6. Damage to the surface
  7. Unfavorable storage/transport
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12
Q

What are biofilms?

A

-Biofilms are complex microbial ecosystems formed by one or more species immersed in an extracellular matrix (manufacturing environment)
-resistant to many sanitizers

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13
Q

Do internal tissues of healthy livestock and poultry contain microbes?

A

No. They are sterile

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14
Q

List 3 sources of microorganisms in food:

A
  1. GI tract, upper respiratory tract, and lower urinary tract or animals
  2. Soil
  3. Contamination during slaughter and preparation
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15
Q

What type of bacteria grows really well under refrigeration temperatures?

A

LISTERIA

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16
Q

What are 3 other sources of microorganisms in food?

A
  1. Microbes on surface of hands, respiratory, etc. of FOOD HANDLERS
  2. ADDITIVES
  3. Air, Dust, Soil
17
Q

How do Molds grow and reproduce?

A

Asexual and sexual spores

18
Q

How do Yeasts grow and reproduce?

A

Budding or binary fission (asexually), sexually

19
Q

How do Viruses grow and reproduce?

A

Cannot reproduce by themselves

20
Q

How do Protozoa grow and reproduce?

A

Most produce asexually

21
Q

How do Bacteria grow and reproduce?

A

Binary fission (asexually)

22
Q

What is the fastest vs slowest reproducing microbes in order?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Yeasts
  3. Molds
23
Q

What is the LAG phase of the bacterial growth curve?

A

-Time in which the population does not change. Cells adapt to new environment (chromosome rep.)

-the amount of time spent in the lag phase depends on factors such as temperature, # of cells, pH, Aw, Nutrients, competition with other microbes, etc.

24
Q

What is the LOG phase of the bacterial growth curve?

A

Cells multiply rapidly, and exponentially, population doubles with each replication

Doubling time: varies. Ideally 10-30 mins

25
Q

What is the STATIONARY phase of the bacterial growth curve?

A

Population reaches its maximum. Growth = Death.

26
Q

What is the DEATH phase of the bacterial growth curve?

A

More cells dying than are dividing. Speed of death depends on resistance.

27
Q

What is CRYPTIC GROWTH in bacterial growth curve?

A

Some cells may remain viable, or shrinkage, or lose certain structure to avoid death.

28
Q

List some of the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes:

A

pro: smaller, simpler (no nucleus), no organelles, single-celled, single circular chromosome.

euk: Larger, nucleus, organelles, single or multiple celled, multiple linear chromosomes

29
Q

Energy Source: Phototrophs

A

Light Energy source

30
Q

Energy Source: Chemotrophs

A

Chemical compound energy source

31
Q

Carbon Source: Autotrophs

A

Carbon dioxide is SOLE source

32
Q

Carbon Source: Heterotrophs

A

Organic compounds provide carbon

33
Q

What is the classification of MOST microorganisms?

A

Chemoheterotroph:
Get energy from oxidation of organic compounds, and get carbon form organic substances as well.

34
Q

Psychrophiles:

A

(PUFA’s in cell membrane)

Optimum 12-15* C

[Can grow at or below 0*
Max = 20* C]

35
Q

Psychrotrophs (Facultative Psychrophiles)

A

Optimum 25-30* C

[CAN grow at 0* C]

36
Q
A

Food Science 301 (3 decks)

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