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VM742: BIOLOGY OF DISEASE III > EXAM 2: PITUITARY AND ADRENAL > Flashcards

EXAM 2: PITUITARY AND ADRENAL Flashcards

1
Q

MINERALOCORTICOID REGULATION

A
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2
Q

FUNCTIONS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

A
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3
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 MAJOR MECHANISMS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASES?

A
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4
Q

LESION CLASSIFICATION: PROLIFERATIVE

A

HYPERPLASIA (USUALLY SECONDARY)
NEOPLASIA (FUNCTIONAL, USUALLY PRIMARY)

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5
Q

LESION CLASSIFICATION: DESTRUCTIVE

A

PRIMARY ENDOCRINE DISEASE (HYPOPLASIA)
SECONDARY ENDOCRINE DISEASE (ATROPHY, INFLAMMATORY, NEOPLASIA, DEGENERATIVE)

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6
Q

_________ IS THE MOST COMMON PROCESS CAUSING ENDOCRINE DISEASE

A

NEOPLASIA

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7
Q

SIGNALMENT: CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM

A

OLDER DOGS

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8
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS: CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM

A

POLYPHAGIA AND WEIGHT GAIN
PU/PD
PUSTULAR “SKIN DISEASE” +/- HARD BONE-LIKE PLATES
TRUNCAL ALOPECIA
PENDULUS ABDOMEN
ACUTE RENAL INFARCT, PULMONARY/PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS

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9
Q

CLIN PATH: CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM

A

LYMPHOPENIA, NEUTROPHILIA
MILD THROMBOCYTOSIS
MODEST HYPERGLYCEMIA
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
ALP ELEVATION
USG = 1.013

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10
Q

PATHOGENESIS: PITUITARY DEPENDENT HYPERADRENOCORTICISM

A

PITUITARY ADENOMA OF PARS DISTALIS
BILATERAL ADRENAL CORTICAL HYPERPLASIA

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11
Q

PATHOGENESIS: ADRENAL DEPENDENT HYPERADRENOCORTICISM

A

ADRENAL CORTICAL HYPERPLASIA OR NEOPLASIA
CONTRALATERAL CORTICAL ATROPHY

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12
Q

PATHOGENESIS: NON-NEOPLASTIC AGE-RELATED, PITUITARY-DEPENDENT FORM (CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM)

A
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13
Q

PATHOGENESIS: HYPERCOAGUABLE STATE (CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM)

A
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14
Q

PATHOGENESIS: MUSCLE ATROPHY (CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM)

A

PROMOTION OF PROTEIN CATABOLISM BY EXCESS SECRETION OF CORTISOL

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15
Q

PATHOGENESIS: RECURRENT INFECTIONS (CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM)

A

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPERCORTISOLEMIA RESULTS IN RECURRENT INFECTION

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16
Q

PATHOGENESIS: CALCINOSIS CUTIS (CANINE HYPERADRENOCORTICISM)

A

FAILURE TO MAINTAIN MATURE COLLAGEN TURNOVER

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17
Q

SIGNALMENT: CANINE HYPOADRENOCORTICISM

A

YOUNGER DOGS
AGE 2 - 5 YEARS

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18
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS: CANINE HYPOADRENOCORTICISM

A

INTERMITTENT HEMORRHAGIC DIARRHEA
ACUTE-ONSET BRADYCARDIA
CARDIAC ARREST

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19
Q

COMPARE TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL ADDISON’S

A

TYPICAL: AUTOIMMUNE DESTRUCTION OF ALL LAYERS OF ADRENAL CORTEX - DEFICIENCY IN GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND MINERALOCORTICOIDS
ATYPICAL: AUTOIMMUNE DESTRUCTION OF ADRENAL GLAND BUT ALDOSTERONE PRODUCTION REMAINS INTACT (NO NA/K RATIO CHANGES)

20
Q

CLIN PATH: CANINE HYPOADRENOCORTICISM

A

NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES, NEUTROPHILS (LACK OF STRESS LEUKOGRAM)
MILD, NON-REGENERATIVE ANEMIA
HYPOGLYCEMIA, HYPERKALEMIA, HYPONATREMIA, HYPOCHLORIDEMIA
AZOTEMIA WITH MINIMALLY CONCENTRATED URINE
NA:K RATIO < 25:1

21
Q

PATHOGENESIS: CANINE HYPOADRENOCORTICISM

A

IMMUNE-MEDAITED
ADRENAL CORTICAL ATROPHY –> LOSS OF ALDOSTERONE AND CORTISOL, POSSIBLY HYPERPLASTIC PARS DISTALIS FROM ELEVATED ACTH PRODUCTION
LOSS OF NA, RETENTION OF K
HYPOGLYCEMIA AND SKIN PIGMENTATION DUE TO LACK OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS

22
Q

PATHOGENESIS: ACUTE CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE (CANINE HYPOADRENOCORTICISM)

A

HYPERKALEMIA AND INCREASED EXCRETION OF WATER THROUGH THE KIDNEY

23
Q

PATHOGENESIS: AZOTEMIA (CANINE HYPOADRENOCORTICISM)

A

LOSS OF NORMAL OSMOTIC GRADIENT –> DEHYDRATION

24
Q

PATHOGENESIS: NON-REGENERATIVE ANEMIA (CANINE HYPOADRENOCORTICISM)

A

CORTISOL PROMOTES ERYTHROPOEISIS SO LACK = ANEMIA
MAY BE COMPOUNDED BY GI HEMORRHAGE FROM LOSS OF MUCOSAL INTEGRITY

25
Q

SIGNALMENT: EQUINE PPID

A

PITUITARY PARS INTERMEDIA DYSFUNCTION
OLDER HORSES, >20YR

26
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS: EQUINE PPID

A

PERSISTENT LAMENESS, CHRONIC LAMINITIS
MILD MM ATROPHY
OVERLY DOCILE
HYPERTRICHOSIS, HYPERHIDROSIS
PENDULUS ABDOMEN

27
Q

CLIN PATH: EQUINE PPID

A

MODERATE HYPERGLYCEMIA

28
Q

PATHOGENESIS: EQUINE PPID

A

PARS INTERMEDIA HYPERPLASIA = INCREASED ACTH
LACK OF DOPAMINERGIC INHIBITION AND +++ POMC DERIVED PEPTIDES (ACTH,MSH, B-END)

29
Q

PATHOGENESIS: MUSCLE WASTING AND PU/PD (EQUINE PPID)

A

ELEVATED GLUCOCORTICOIDS + NERVOSA COMPRESSION WITH IMPAIRED ADH SECRETION

30
Q

PATHOGENESIS: ALTERED MENTATION (EQUINE PPID)

A

ELEVATED B ENDORPHIN

31
Q

PATHOGENESIS: LAMINITIS (EQUINE PPID)

A

HYPERGLYCEMIA AND PERIPHERAL INSULIN RESISTANCE
HYPERINSULINEMIA SIMILAR TO TYPE2DM

32
Q

PATHOGENESIS: FELINE ACROMEGALY

A

GROWTH HORMONE SECRETING TUMOR OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY - ACIDOPHIL ADENOMA OF PARS DISTALIS

33
Q

SIGNALMENT: FELINE ACROMEGALY

A

OLDER CATS, >10YRS

34
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS: FELINE ACROMEGALY

A

PRESENT TO ER
MENTALLY DULL AND NON-RESPONSIVE UPON PRESENTATION

35
Q

CLIN PATH: FELINE ACROMEGALY

A

SEVERE HYPERGLYCEMIA
STRESS LEUKOGRAM, MILD ERYTHROCYTOSIS
ELEVATED LIVER SNZYMES
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA WITHOUT RENAL AZOTEMIA
MILD PROTEINURIA, MARKED GLUCOSURIA

36
Q

PATHOGENESIS: DIABETES (FELINE ACROMEGALY)

A

GH MEDIATED RESISTANCE - DOWN-REGULATION OF INSULIN RECEPTORS ON TARGET CELLS
PROLONGED INSULIN SECRETION = BETA CELL EXHAUSTION

37
Q

CONSEQUENCES OF EXCESS IGF-1 (FELINE ACROMEGALY)

A

EXCESS IGF-1 = APPOSITIONAL BONE GROWTH, ORGANOMEGALY, NODULAR PROLIFERATIVE CHANGES IN PANCREAS, KIDNEY (GLOMERULAR DZ W PROTEINURIA)
ERYHTROCYTOSIS DUE TO IGF-1 EFFECT ON BONE MARROW

38
Q

SIGNALMENT: ANDROGEN-PRODUCING TUMOR OF ADRENAL CORTEX

A

MIDDLE-AGED FERRETS, AGE 5-7YR
ANIMALS NEUTERED AT EARLY AGE BETWEEN 2-4MO

39
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS: ANDROGEN-PRODUCING TUMOR OF ADRENAL CORTEX - FERRETS

A

ALOPECIA AND DERMATOPATHY
PALPABLE ABDOMINAL MASS
PALE MUCOUS MEMBRANES
NON-REGENERATIVE ANEMIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA, LEUKOPENIA
PETECHIATION ON SKIN SURFACE, VULVAR SWELLING

40
Q

PATHOGENESIS: ANDROGEN-PRODUCING TUMOR OF ADRENAL CORTEX - FERRETS

A

BILATERAL CORTICAL HYPERPLASIA OR NEOPLASIA OF ZR (CARCINOMA > ADENOMA)
EXCESS PRODUCTION OF ESTRADIOL-17B
PANCYTOPENIA DUE TO MARROW APLASIA

41
Q

RESULTS OF EXCESS ESTRADIOL 17B PRODUCTION

A

SYMMETRICAL ALOPECIA, VULVAR SWELLING, MAMMARY GLAND HYPERPLASIA IN FEMALES OR MALES (GYNECOMASTIA)

42
Q

PATHOGENESIS: ANDROGEN-PRODUCING TUMOR OF ADRENAL CORTEX - MALES

A

HIGH LEVELS OF SECRETED ESTROGENIC COMPOUNDS RESULTS IN PROSTATIC SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA
RUPTURE OF PROSTATIC CYST WITH RELEASE OF KERATIN RESULTS IN PROSTATITIS
DYSURIA FROM ENLARGED PROSTATE

43
Q

PATHOGENESIS: CANINE PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA

A

CATECHOLAMINE-SECRETING TUMOR OF ADRENAL MEDULLA

44
Q

SIGNALMENT: CANINE PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA

A

MULTIPLE SPECIES BUT MOST FREQUENTLY IN OLDER DOGS

45
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS: CANINE PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA

A

ACUTE ONSET BLINDNESS (HYPERTENSION, BLOOD VESSEL RUPTURE)
BILATERAL MYDRIASIS
TACHYARRYTHMIAS
DYSPNEA
HYPERCALCEMIA, EXCESS VITAMIN D (RESULT IN CHROMAFFIN CELL PROLIFERATION)
CARDIOMYOPATHY
INVASION INTO VENA CAVA –> TUMOR EMBOLI

46
Q

CLIN PATH: CANINE PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA

A

MILD HYPERGLYCEMIA

VM742: BIOLOGY OF DISEASE III (21 decks)

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