Exam 2 study guide Flashcards
What are the three major accessory glands and their function?
Seminal vesicles, prostate, cowpers gland- secretes fluid
What are the major stages of spermatogenesis? What are the major stages (names) of sperm
development during spermatogenesis?
Spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, spermiogenesis, spermiation. Spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa.
Describe the development of a sperm during spermiogenesis. What are the cellular organelles that form
the sperm?
Golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, maturation phase. Organelles that form sperm include the golgi, acrosomic granules, centrioles, and mitochondria.
What is the function of the sertoli cell? Why is there a blood testis barrier (how does this work, type of
junction?
The function of the Sertoli cell is to help nourish and protect sperm cells. Blood testis barrier protects the sperm from being damaged by interaction with blood with sertoli cells, the basement membrane, and wall of the blood vessels.
Describe the endocrine control of spermatogenesis
Hypothalamus- pituitary- LH- Leydig cells- makes testosterone
* Leydig cells-Testosterone- Sertoli cells- DHT- estrogen
* Sertoli cells inhibit the pituitary gland
. What are the classifications of the follicles in the ovary? How is oocyte and granulosa cell growth
controlled? Know and be able to name the cell layers of the Graafian Follicle and hormones they secrete.
Primordial, primary, secondary, antral (tertiary, graffian). Meotic arrest is used to control oocyte and granulosa cell growth (high levels of CAMP keep oocytes arrested). Cumulus cells, mural cells, theca cells (interna and externa, secrete testosterone)
. Know the name of at least 2 genes required for each transition during follicular development and the
phenotype when they are absent. Compare control (wild type, WT) to knockout ovary
- Germline cysts: NOBOX, notch signaling- Primary follicles: NOBOX, FOX12- Secondary follicles: KIT, GDF9- Antral follicles: FSH and FSHr.
- No NOBOX, no primordial follicles. No GDF9, no secondary follicles, no FSH no antral follicles
Be able to describe the follicular waves in cattle. Be able to label or describe recruitment, selection,
dominance, atresia and the hormonal control for development.
- 3 waves (recruitment, selection, dominant)
- Two cell gonadotrphin model for hormonal control for development
Be able to describe how estrogen is produced inside the follicle.
- Granulosa cells produce estrogen formed from testosterone inside the follicle
Describe the structure of the Graafian follicle.
- Oocyte, zona pellucida, corona radiata, cumulus granulosa cells, antrum, mural granulosa cells, theca interna and externa cells
Know the importance of bidirectional communication between the oocyte and granulosa cells including
the gap junction.
- Allows for transfer of molecules between the oocyte and granulosa cells, hydrophilic channel allows fluid to move back and forth
Be able to describe the events involved with oogenesis. (Primordial germ cell to formation of zygote).
- Primordial germ cell migrates to genital ridge, creates a primary oocyte, undergoes meiosis till birth, the oocyte is arrested until day 20, resumes meiosis two when exposed to sperm
Know how the oocyte is arrested at prophase I and how it resumes meiosis.
- Arrested at prophase 1 with high levels of CAMP, resumes when levels of CA2+ are high enough from exposure to sperm
Describe the mechanism for ovulation.
- A preovulatory surge allows for three things to happen. Cumulus expansion which separates the oocyte from the follicular wall. Increased blood flow to the ovary and follicle causing an increase in follicular pressure. And protein synthesis changes that allow for the release of prostaglandin causing smooth muscle contractions
What is involved with formation of a corpus luteum? What stimulates formation of blood vessels?
- Hypertrophy of granulosa and theca cells, folding of the follicular wall, angiogenesis, breakdown of the basement membrane, luteinization
