Exam

Question 0

Gender Inequality Index

Answer 0

(No Income)

Women reproductive health status
empowerment (women in parliament, higher education)
Labour Market Particiaption compared to men

Question 1

Gender Empowerment Measure

Answer 1

Women participation in (political) decision making

Earning power / Power over economic resources

Access to professional opportunities

Question 2

MDG++++

Answer 2

Targeting and aid flow
Political consensus
Monitoring improved
gender included
ADVOCACY

Question 3

MDG —–

Answer 3

Fragmented - vertical focus
Equality (focus on groups not individuals)
Conceptualisation - difficult to monitor / indicators
Ownership within governments and organisations (UN good example)

Overambitious/under ambitious
right based and other non-tangeble measurements are missing (Freedom etc)
Depoliticised
One size fits all

Question 4

Hardvard Gender Analysis Model - cornerstone

Answer 4

establishing a database on intra-hh roles and resources to inform project planning

(1984)

Question 5

The moser method of gender planning - aim

Answer 5

to provide development policy makers and practitioners with analytical tools to reflect on their project context and approach and begin to recognise, understand and work to address INEQUALITY and DIFFERENCES between men and women

Question 6

The Longwe Framework (1990)

Answer 6

What does women empowerment and equality between women and men mean in practice

How and to what extend can projects support these goals?

Question 7

Longwe framework - Empowerment framework

What categories need to be addressed in development interventions?

Answer 7

Welfare
Access
Conscientisation
Participation
Control

Question 8

Critical points on the Harvard Method

Answer 8

• relationships are not addressed (focus is on roles)
• less useful for service provision (like gender inequality in health care or power relations)
• difficult to collect roles information (complex information)
• inequality is missing

Question 9

Evolving PPA (3 generations)

Answer 9

1992 World Bank
1st generation - donor driven, linkt to donor country policies, implemented as a one off exercise with minimal local ownership of the process or findings
2nd generation - stronger national ownership and findings were increasingly tied into PRSPs and national policy development processes (1998-2001)
3rd generation PPAs are transforming - moving away from using it for project planning/information giving for policy development to a more POLITICAL sense of creating space for direct policy dialogue between policy makers and poor people.

Question 10

PPA aims

Answer 10

1. enriching the analysis and understanding of poverty
2. contributing to the development of policy solutions
3. creating new political space for negotiation, empowerment and influence

Broaden the scope:

• multi dimentional aspects of poverty and depriviation
• capture intra household and community level dimensions of poverty
• dynamic aspects of poverty (seasonality, shocks, trends)
• perception of people

Question 11

Voices of the poor report

People’s perception of well-being and ill-being (5x)

Answer 11

1. material well-being
2. physical well-being
3. security
4. Freedom of choice and action
5. social well-being

Question 12

What is PSIA?

Answer 12

Ex Ante social analysis study to assess the likely social impacts of national structural or macroeconomic reforms.

WB definition:
analysis of the distributional impact of policy reforms on the well-being or welfare of different stakeholder groups - focus on the most vulnarable.

POOR PEOPLES LIVES ARE INFLUENCED BY ALL POLICY

Question 13

Good practices carrying out PSIA

Answer 13

1. use many different analytical tools (economic, social)
2. use different insights from political, economical and social backgrounds
3. involve all stakeholders and as many as possible and secure transparancy of the process (incl. CS) - inclusive process
4. integrate gender concerns systematically
5. combina qualitative and quantitative data
   5.

Question 14

PSIA Challenges

Answer 14

Agreeing on doing a PSIA

The participatory process and

defining quality and ensuring quality of the results

Question 15

2003 bilateral joint PSIA action plan - 7 commitments

Answer 15

1. PSIA integral part of PRSP
2. PSIA should be country led and involve relevant stakeholders
3. capacity stakeholders enhancing so they understand
4. PSIA should use existing structures and not create additional processes
5. transparant and participatory
6. Given limited resources, PSIA should be carefully prioritised
7. Appropriate and multiple tools should be determined

Question 16

Functions of social/gender analysis in the context of development policy making and planning (4x)

Answer 16

• underpins effective advocacy work
• assists operational design
• measures and assesses social and gender impacts
• assists participatory processes

Question 17

Challenges of social/gender analysis in the context of development policy making and planning

Answer 17

1. academic VS development practice (move towards addressing the concerns, lower abstract level)
2. danger of descriptive tools, frameworks and checklists (not resulting in deeper understanding)
3. Scaling up (has been developed for community scale)

Moving from it being a product to it being a process

Question 18

the Mainstreaming model (VSO)

Answer 18

1. organisational committment
2. sensitation
3. workplace mainstreaming
4. programme mainstreaming
5. policy mainstreaming

Cross-cutting

• meaningful involvement
• gender

Question 19

Gender mainstreaming means in the broad sense paying systematic attention to:

Answer 19

1. sex disaggregated date
2. women and men influence the development agenda
3. agreed action to promote gender equality
4. attention to internal functioning

Question 20

To avoid policy evaporation evaluations have shown that at least these for elements need to be improved:

Answer 20

1. political will and leadership
2. technical capacity
3. accountability
4. organisational culture

Question 21

what is the gender equality goal?

Answer 21

1. nobody lives in poverty
2. all have equal fulfilling lives
3. acknowledges differences between people in needs, priorities, constraints etc.

Question 22

Paris Declaration of Aid Effectiveness (2005)

Answer 22

1. strengthen partner countries national development strategies and operational framewokrs
2. increase alignment of aid with partner countries priorities, systems and procedures
3. accountability for all parties
4. eliminate duplication
5. reform/simplify donor policies and procedures
6. define measures and standards of performance and accountability

Question 23

4 issues of concern to social development and gender equality advocates in relation to the new aid development

Answer 23

• PRS consultation process (for example in VN this was very controlled and fell short of the ideal expressed PRSP - Evans, 2004)
• gender equality and women’s rights
• Policy options and the macroeconomic framework (often CSO’s are only asked at the end of the process, RURAL component is not well included in PRSPs, contradiction where PRSP want to increase social spending to reduce poverty while IMF is saying that tightening of budgets are necessary, targets are not sufficiently linked to budgets).
• aid harmonisation - accountability to donors has increased

Question 24

Review of the 1st generation PRSP’s

Answer 24

1. more poverty focused government
2. more engaged civil society
3. focused attention to donor alignment and harmonisation

Question 25

The aim of SWAPs + DBS

Answer 25

The overal aim is to build Gov capacity and improve aid effectiveness by:

• strengthening government ownership and capacity
• building a more comprehensive and coherent government budgetary process, linked to policy priorities
• improving coordination in the allocation of financing
• more efficient and sustainable use of public resources
• lowering transaction costs of donors + common planning, reporting & accounting system

Question 26

Agency

Answer 26

act independent of social structures

action that makes a difference

any purposeful action

Question 27

Positive aspects of the new aid development

Answer 27

1. social policy is at the heart of mainstream development
2. PRSP + increased effectiveness is pushing poverty reduction higher up the agenda
3. environment in which scaling up is possible
4. collective policy dialogue - shared understanding - result in more effective policies and impacts
5. involvement of poor women and men
6. social/gender analysis - important part of all policy development processes.

Question 28

pre conditions for deepening democracy to thrive

Answer 28

• well developed CS
• organised political force supportive of pro-poor change
• strong state capacity to plan & budget

Question 29

Understanding well-being

Answer 29

basic needs approach

capabilities approach

Question 30

Critique on participation approach

Answer 30

1. PRA = not a true reflection
2. might constraign the project
3. reinforce power relations

Question 31

Lukes Power Model

Answer 31

to - interpersonal decision making capacity
over - what is on the agenda for decision making
within - awareness of the powerless (broadest understanding of power)

Question 32

3 approaches to development policy

Answer 32

1. efficiency based (growth)
2. need based (human development)
3. right based approach (dignity, freedom, wellbeing)

Question 33

Sen (‘90) cooperative conflict

Answer 33

1. breakdown well being
2. perceived interest
3. perceived contribution

unequal bargaining power

Question 34

WID Disadvantages

Answer 34

failing its own terms
left mainstream development untouched
marginal budgets
women are identically treated
didn't look at the why question

Question 35

GAD focus

Answer 35

1. Women as agents of change
2. supporting mechanisms
3. gender relations (answering the why)

(reordering of society)

Question 36

Gender efficiency approach

Answer 36

• gender analysis makes good economic sense
• understanding men/women’s roles and resources as part of the planning of all interventions helps targeting, improves effectiveness and ensures all can play their part in development.
• Focus on delivering of resources to women
• gender division of labour is determined not to transform it but to target inputs and training in the most cost-effective way.

Question 37

Gender empowerment approach

Answer 37

inequalities
working with women at community level in a participatory way
build women’s self-esteem, confidence, ability to influence change in their own lives

Question 38

+ and - of the efficiency approach and the empowerment approach

Answer 38

Efficiency approach:
+ women and gender into mainstream development for the first time
+ depoliticising (and therefore more acceptable for all)
- focus on what women can do for development and not the other way around
- looks at gender roles from a difference point of view instead of inequality

Empowerment approach:
+ women determine their own needs
- small community level projects (questionable sustainability and long term impact)

Question 39

Consituencies of influence and current debates

Answer 39

Civil Society - women’s movements (female collective action in pursuit of social and political goals) AND feminist polities (eliminate women’s subordination and the discrimination women face arising from male dominance). NGO’s, relegious movements etc. also play key role.

Gender Academics - reflecting critically on development policy/practice, lobby for change & transform foundations of sominant social science approaches, conceptual/intellectual concerns.

Gender advocates within Dev. Agencies

Question 40

What is the distinctive contribution of social development research, policy and professional practice to development?

Answer 40

The distinctive contribution rests in its attention to people and relationships. Social development research focuses on the social dimensions of change, whilst social development policy offers a vision for desirable social change and social development professionals use skills in social and political analysis to try to achieve this vision. Running across all three areas is concern for difference and diversity, attention to relations of power, especially gender relations, to social institutions, and to the importance of history and culture.

Question 41

What is the difference between early academic gender analysis and the ways in which their ideas have been incorporated into development policy making and planning?

Answer 41

Early academic gender analysts focused on gender as a relationship of unequal power between women and men, as well as on women as agents of change in their own lives. They suggested that the practical implications of their ideas - gender equality requiring a complete restructuring of society - were unlikely to be acceptable to governments and mainstream development agencies. In practice, their ideas have been adapted to the development policy environment by gender advocates, focusing on instrumental arguments of the ways in which gender analysis could support wider development goals. These include gender analysis promoting greater efficiency, in the context of structural adjustment policies; and gender analysis promoting poverty reduction, in the context of the Millennium Development Goals.

Question 42

Outline the distinctive concerns of gender and social analysis in understanding social differentiation.

Answer 42

Gender and social development analysis emphasises how social differentiation is produced: it goes beyond a focus on how power is distributed in society, to include a focus on how power operates to reproduce social relations. Both strands of analysis are concerned with locally situated and culturally informed analyses of social differentiation and have stressed the need to move beyond a purely objective account of social difference to incorporate concerns about agency and subjective experience. Finally, both gender and social analysis are concerned with cross-cutting identities and how actors manage multiple social positions.

Question 43

How far do social institutions constrain individual actors?

Answer 43

Social institutions have negative and positive dimensions: they constrain what people can do, think and be, but at the same time their shared expectations make it possible for people to live and work together.

Social institutions shape individual behaviour by establishing the underlying values that are taken for granted at any particular point in time. Social norms can be taken for granted, part of everyday knowledge or be contested.

Social norms that are seen as particularly important are backed by sanctions ranging from disapproval, through stigma, to discrimination, exclusion and even violence.

Social institutions inform individual action but they don’t determine it. They shape the space in which individuals act but they leave space for improvisation.

Social institutions only exist through practice and this means that individual social acts can renegotiate their meaning and interpretation over time. The example of purdah in Sub-section 1.1 shows how women used this social institution to create some space for them to engage in paid work without shame.

Question 44

Describe two contrasting views of social change: one in which social structure is the major driver of change and one in which individual actors are the major drivers of change. How are these views reconciled in structuration theory?

Answer 44

Structural changes were seen as the main drivers of change by Marx, Durkheim, Talcott Parsons as well as by modernisation and dependency theory amongst others (see Sub-section 1.1). Weberian views of social change, in contrast place much greater emphasis on the meaningful social action of individuals and have influenced social constructivist approaches, including those focusing on resistance (see Sub-section 1.2). Structuration theory rejects a dualism between structure and agency, instead arguing that the everyday actions of individual actors renegotiate or maintain social institutions and although they are shaped by prevailing social institutions they are not fully determined by them. In structuration theory structure and agency are interrelated.

Question 45

Define women’s practical and strategic gender needs. In what ways can this distinction be difficult to apply in practice?

Answer 45

Women’s practical gender needs are needs that women identify arising from their existing roles, eg a practical need to reduce women’s burden of work by establishing a water source nearer to their home.

Women’s strategic gender needs arise because of women’s subordinate position in society, and are about changing existing roles or norms, eg legal change to establish women’s rights to own land.

In practice, it is not always easy to distinguish practical from strategic gender needs, eg are education and employment opportunities addressing practical or strategic needs? Strategic change is often complex and long-term and not amenable to planning by objective. Involving poor women in successfully addressing practical gender needs, which are what women themselves usually prioritise, can support strategic gender interests.

Question 46

Outline the reasons why participatory processes at community, district or national levels are not necessarily very representative.

Answer 46

There are always critical questions about who participates and whose interests prevail. The public nature of discussions, and the need for consensus, silences some voices and privileges others. Women in particular often have unequal access to participatory processes. Existing elite and powerful groups and those who are already organised are advantaged over those who are not. Civil society organisations are highly diverse with different interests and there are also questions about their legitimacy and mandate to represent poor people.

Question 47

What difficulties have women parliamentarians faced in advancing the cause of gender equality and women’s rights?

Answer 47

Not all - or perhaps not even a majority - of women elected representatives are aiming to promote gender equality and women’s rights. Many quota and affirmative action measures favour older, wealthier women who embody conservative and traditional values, and who have no links to the women’s movement or radical politics. Once they have been elected, women are frequently marginalised and unsupported and success in advancing the cause of women’s rights and gender equality requires a broadly supportive party in power, and a well-organised lobby internally and externally.

Question 48

What is the ‘social contract’? How is it relevant to gender and social development concerns about diversity and rights?

Answer 48

The social contract is the nature of the relationship between citizens and state: the state is supposed to protect and promote the rights of its citizens whilst citizens in return have certain duties to the state.

The social contract is integral to the legitimacy of the state in the eyes of its citizens. Gender and social development concerns arise because of the way in which the social contract structures the entitlements of different groups in society. For instance, women as citizens have often been constructed primarily as ‘mothers’. Certain interpretations of the commitment in human rights approaches to universalism are in tension with concerns about diversity and difference.

Feminists distinguish between formal and substantive equality. Formal equality in the sense of ‘one size fits all’ leads to discrimination against those who are different from the idealised norm (for instance, formal equality in educational provision is likely to lead to neglect for those who speak a different language or those with special learning needs).

Feminists show that social difference needs to be recognised as the basis for equal treatment if substantive equality is to be realised.

Question 49

Why have gender equality and women’s rights received such poor attention in PRSPs to date?

Answer 49

The lack of attention to gender equality and women’s rights in PRSPs to date raises questions about the commitment of both donors and developing country governments, despite the widespread existence of gender equality policies.

• inadequate sex-disaggregated data and gender analytical information to inform policy design
• unsatisfactory consultation processes with women
• weak capacity of Women’s Ministries and civil society women’s organisations
• limited understanding of, and commitment to, gender equality and women’s rights amongst the staff responsible for managing PRSP preparation.

Question 50

What are the key differences between

• social and gender analysis in an academic context
• social and gender analysis in the context of development policy-making and planning?

Answer 50

In the development policy and planning context social and gender analysis:

(a) has to move beyond analysing issues to recommending practical action for change
(b) is generally conducted at a lower level of abstraction and theorising, in view of time and budget constraints
(c) needs to communicate effectively to a wide audience who are not necessarily experts in the issues being discussed. Reports need to be short, accessible, clear and practical

Question 51

What are social institutions

Answer 51

regularised aspects of social behavior

norms, trust, rules, obligations, expectations

Question 52

Theories of social change - transformations in social structure

Answer 52

Marx - materialism, forces of production, suddently/violent

Durkheim - social differentiation / division of labour

Parson - biological evolution - survival value

Question 53

Critique modernisation theory

Answer 53

1. ethnocentrishm devalues alternative forms or paths to development
2. neglectng the roles that colonialism and global inequality played in shaping developing countries
3. traditional and modern sectors are not seperated and/or disconnected.
4. Dependency theory (Gundar Frank)

Question 54

Theories of change from feminist perspective

Answer 54

Boserup influence

• capitalism is inherently patriarchal
• maldevelopment - development processes are serving men’s interests
• fundamental change is necessary in our normative view of development towards one of liberation, walfarist, empowerment oriented approaches with emphasis on enhancing the status of women

Question 55

WID, WAD, GAD, WCD (Singh, 2005)

Answer 55

Women in development (60-70)
Women and development (70-80)
Gender and Development (mid 80 to now)
Women culture and development (late ‘90 to ‘00)

New: identities of women as focus is too much on economics, unrealistic goals for women, doesn’t include the world view of the women themselves.

Question 56

Good Governance

Answer 56

normative ideal of decision making and implementation processes as accountable, transparant, democratic, responsive, efficient and equitable.

From SD perspective: fair and accountable institutions that protect human rights and basic freedoms.

Question 57

definition of

Gender Inequality

Answer 57

Unequal treatment / perceptions of individuals based on their gender.