Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANSI 3414 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone deals with stress?

A

cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What gland produces prolactin?

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What hormone is secreted by lactotropes?

A

prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does prolactin release cause in females? Males? Both?

A

stimulates milk production

may induce testicular LH receptors

osmoregulation, promotion of growth, support of metabolism, water drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What occurs when there is an absence of FSH?

A

no follicles are produced and sperm production ceases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What hormones (2) regulate prolactin?

A

prolactin inhibiting hormone

prolactin-releasing factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What gland produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What hormone(s) are secreted by gonadotropes?

A

FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does FSH release cause in females? Males?

A

stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles and promotes secretion of estrogen by the ovaries

stimulates spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What occurs when there is an absence of FSH?

A

no follicles are produced and sperm production ceases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What gland produces luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does LH release cause in females? Males?

A

ovulation, luteinization and the formation of the CL, regulation of ovarian secretions of estrogen and progesterone

stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes to secrete testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What gland produces growth hormone (GH)?

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What hormone is secreted by somatotropes?

A

growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What else is growth hormone called?

A

somatotropin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Growth hormone is the primary hormone responsible for…

A

regulation of growth and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Formed embryonically from an outgrowth of the brain
Consists of nervous tissue

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What 2 peptide neurohormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone or ADH)

oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F The posterior pituitary does not produce hormones, just stores and releases hormones.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary gland via what?

A

the nerve network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What enhances retention of water in the kidneys?

A

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the vasopresser effect?

A

causes contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle

constriction of the arterioles –> increases vascular resistance and increases blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Oxytocin causes what?

A

contraction of uterine smooth muscle to aid in parturition and milk let down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the hormone of love?

A

oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the small glands on the thyroid glands?

A

parathyroid glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do the parathyroid glands produce?

A

parathyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

regulates blood calcium levels with calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the bow-tie-shaped gland overtop of the trachea?

A

thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 3 types of thyroid hormones? What mineral is needed to deionize?

A

tetraiodothyronine T4
tri-iodothyronine T3
calcitonin

selenium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

______ are follicular cells that make up a follicle and are derived from _____.

A

secretory cells

tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 4 functions of the thyroid gland?

A

regulator of metabolism (hypo and hyper)

increase insulin action on carbohydrates

stimulate lipid metabolism

regulate blood calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the small, shark-tooth-shaped gland that sits next to the kidney?

A

adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What 2 distinct cell types does the adrenal gland have?

A

chromaffin

steroidogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the outer layer of the adrenal gland called? What does it secrete?

A

adrenal cortex

steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the inner layer of the adrenal gland called? What does it secrete?

A

adrenal medulla

catecholamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What makes up 80% of the adrenal gland?

A

adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the hormone categories of the adrenal cortex?

A

mineralocorticoids

glucocorticoids

sex steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid?

A

aldosterone –> Na and K balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are examples of glucocorticoids?

A

cortisol and corticosterone –> metabolism and coping with stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do cortisol and corticosteroid do to the body?

A

increase blood glucose through gluconeogenesis during times of stress

suppress the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is an example of a sex steroid?

A

DHEA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do sex steroids do to the body?

A

produces hormones similar to those produced by gonads

DHEA functions as a metabolic intermediate for androgen and estrogen steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What part of the adrenal gland is a modified part of the sympathetic nervous system? What response does it trigger?

A

adrenal medulla

fight or flight through epinephrin and noepinephrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla handle? What do they cause (4)?

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine

vasoconstriction
gastrointestinal relaxation
stimulation of the heart
dilation of bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

An organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue…

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the endocrine cells of the pancreas called?

A

islets of Langerhans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the three parts of the islets of Langerhans?

A

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What do alpha cells in the pancreas secrete? What does that hormone do?

A

glucagon

increases blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What do beta cells in the pancreas secrete? What does that hormone do?

A

secrete insulin

decreases blood glucose and causes glucose to be stored as glycogen
stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What do delta cells in the pancreas secrete? What does that hormone do?

A

somatostatin

inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What endocrine gland has been newly recognized?

A

adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What hormone does adipose tissue produce?

A

leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What does leptin do to the body?

A

provides signals to the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What organ produces hormones in a cycle?

A

ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What hormones control the production of hormones caused by the ovaries?

A

FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

estrogen (produced by follicles)

progestins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What does estrogen cause in the body?

A

estrogen increases as the follicle grows

positive and negative feedback on gonadotropins

uterine contractions, growth of tract, secondary sex characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What does progestins do to the body?

A

cells of ruptured follicles develop into CL

maintain pregnancy, inhibin of estrus, negative feedback on gonadotropins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the main components of the testes? What do they produce?

A

semineferous tubules

sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are Leydig cells? What do they produce and what does that hormone do?

A

groups of endocrine cells between seminiferous tubules

androgens (testosterone) when stimulated by LH

testosterone: provides development for male secondary sex characteristics and accessory sex glands
activates spermatogenesis
stimulates build-up of muscle and bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Which gland regulates the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Which gland is NOT involved in the release of thyroid hormone?

A

adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Which pituitary hormone is involved with stress?

A

adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Which hormone is released when blood calcium levels are too low?

A

parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Which gland is adjacent to the kidneys?

A

adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Which hormone is activated during fight or flight?

A

epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Which hormone increases blood glucose levels?

A

glucagon

68
Q

Which hormone is involved in feed intake?

A

leptin

69
Q

What are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system?

A

pump
fluid
vessels

70
Q

What comprises the “pump” of the cardiovascular system?

A

heart

71
Q

What comprises the “fluid” of the cardiovascular system?

A

blood or hemolymph

72
Q

What comprises the “vessels” of the cardiovascular system?

A

veins, arteries, and capillaries

73
Q

What is the fibrous sac that holds the heart? What tissue Is it?

A

pericardium

connective tissue

74
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pericardium? What are some components of each?

A

fibrous pericardium
tough
allows heart to move

serous pericardium
parietal (outer) layer
visceral (inner) layer

75
Q

What is the fluid between layers of the serous pericardium? What are functions (3)?

A

pericardial fluid

provides lubrication
prevents friction
contraction

76
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

increase in pericardial fluid during periods of infection/injury

constriction of heart movement due to pericardial fluid

77
Q

What organ is at the center of the cardiovascular system? What are some functions? What are the 2 parts that fuse during embryonic development?

A

heart

muscular pump
pumps blood throughout the body

base (cranial)
apex (caudal)

78
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

epicardium (outer)

myocardium (intermediate)

endocardium (inner)

79
Q

What layer of the heart wall is adjacent to the visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

epicardium

80
Q

Which heart wall layer is the muscle layer and made of involuntary striated muscle?

A

myocardium

81
Q

Which heart wall layer lines the inside of the heart and is made of simple squamous epithelium?

A

endocardium

82
Q

What composes the cardiac skeleton?

A

4 dense fibrous connective rings made of the different heart wall layers

83
Q

What are the different parts of the heart (3)? What are their subcategories?

A

chambers
atrium
ventricle

valves
atrioventricular valves
pulmonary and aortic valves

chordae tendinae
threadlike chords that attach valve to muscle wall

84
Q

What chamber receives blood that is RETURNING to the heart? What are some components of it?

A

atrium

2 chambers
right
left

thin muscle wall
when full of blood, contracts to force blood into ventricles

85
Q

What chamber receives blood that is LEAVING the heart? What are some components of it?

A

ventricle

2 lower chambers
right –> pumps blood to lungs
left –> pumps blood to body

thick muscle
receives blood from atria

86
Q

What are the 2 valves on the right side of the heart? Where are they located?

A

right atrioventricular valves (tricuspid)
between the right atrium and right ventricle

pulmonary valves
between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

87
Q

What are the 2 valves on the left side of the heart? Where are they located?

A

left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)
between left atrium and left ventricle

aortic valve
between left ventricle and aorta

88
Q

RAT

A

Right
Atrioventricular
Tricuspid

89
Q

LAMB

A

Left
Atrioventricular
Mitral
Bicuspid

90
Q

What are the 4 major vessels that enter/leave the heart? Veins travel where? Arteries travel where?

A

vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
aorta

veins travel into heart
arteries travel away from heart

91
Q

What vessel enters through the right atrium? What are the 2 parts of it? Is it a vein or an artery?

A

vena cava

superior (cranial)
inferior (caudal)

vein

92
Q

What vessel carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs? Is it a vein or an artery?

A

pulmonary artery

artery (duh)

93
Q

What vessel carries blood from lungs to left atrium? Is it a vein or an artery?

A

pulmonary vein

vein (duh)

94
Q

What vessel carries blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body? Is it an artery or a vein?

A

aorta

artery

95
Q

What type of blood does the right side carry?

A

deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

96
Q

What type of blood do arteries carry? What side of the heart are they located?

A

oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

97
Q

What are the 2 components of cardiovascular fluid?

A

plasma

cellular components

98
Q

What part of the cardiovascular fluid is 90% water? What components are found in it?

A

plasma

proteins
fibrinogen (collagen)
albumins (transport)
globulins (alpha, beta, and delta)
transport, clotting, regulator, and immune effectors
electrolytes
Na, Cl, HCO3, K, Ca
membrane potential, buffers pH, osmotic distribution of fluid
nutrients
glucose
amino acids
vitamins
minerals
lipids

99
Q

What are the 3 lipids found in plasma? What is considered BAD cholesterol? What is considered GOOD cholesterol?

A

chylomicrons–>transport triglycerides and cholesterol
high-density lipoprotein–>high protein, med phosphor, low cholesterol
low-density lipoprotein –>med protein, med phosphor, high cholesterol
very-low-density–>low protein, mostly lipid

low-density
delivers cholesterol and phospholipids to cells+hearts

high-density
removes excess cholesterol from cells to liver

100
Q

What are the 3 cellular elements of cardiovascular fluid?

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

leukocytes (white blood cells)

thrombocytes (platelets)

101
Q

What part of the cardiovascular fluid transports O2? What are some defining characteristics?

A

erythrocytes

flat cells, no nucleus
contain hemoglobin
Fe and O2

102
Q

What part of the cardiovascular fluid deals with immunity?

A

leukocytes

103
Q

What part of the cardiovascular fluid deals with clotting?

A

platelets

104
Q

What causes the heart to beat and blood to flow through? What are 2 components of these?

A

pacemaker cells

myogenic (originates from muscle)
repeats initiation on action potentials

105
Q

What nodes are composed of pacemaker cells? Where are they located and what are some characteristics?

A

sinoatrial node
upper right atrial wall
heart rate/impulses for heartbeat
atria contract at the same time

atrioventricular node
right atrium above tricuspid valve
stimulated by SA node
impulse from this node triggers bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, and ventricles

106
Q

What is found in the interventricular septum? What are some characteristics?

A

bundle of His

separates left and right
branching point of AV node
sends impulse to apex of heart

107
Q

What are the small, terminal fibers that extend from the bundle of His and spread throughout the ventricular myocardium? What do they do?

A

Purkinje fibers

cause ventricle contraction

108
Q

What are recorded electrical activities of the heart called? When was the FIRST of these?

A

electrocardiograms (ECG or EKG)

1887

109
Q

Who is Walter Einthoven and what’s his significance to the cardiovascular system?

A

father of modern ECG

Einthoven’s triangle is able to read action potentials extracellularly

110
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cardiac cycle? What are some characteristics?

A

diastole
relaxation period
systole
contraction period

111
Q

What makes the “lub dub” sound in the heart? What causes one to hear a heart murmur?

A

closing of the heart valves

valves are leaking blood into the chambers

112
Q

What is the “lub” sound called? What occurs?

What is the “dub” sound called? What occurs?

A

S1 –> closure of right and left AV valves
loudest in mitral side of heart

S2 –> closure of aortic and pulmonic valves
loudest on left side of chest

113
Q

What is the term for the volume of blood per minute pumped into the body? What are the associated equation and the components?

A

cardiac output

cardiac output=stroke volume * heart rate
stroke volume –> volume of blood contracted from heart in mL
heart rate –> number of cardiac cycles in a set time in bpm

114
Q

What part of the cardiac cycle is involved in metabolic rate? Small animals have _____ resting heart rates than large animals.

A

cardiac output (rate of energy expended/time)

higher

115
Q

What is the term for the amount of time for blood to make 1 complete trip from left ventricle to right atrium? How long is it and what does it depend on?

A

circulation time

40-60 seconds

resting state
animal size
normal heart rate

116
Q

What is the direction of blood flow through the vessels?

A

arteries (aorta)
arteriol
capillaries
venvel
vein
vena cava

117
Q

What are the connective segments of the vascular tree?

A

arteries

118
Q

What distributes cardiac output among the organ systems?

A

arteriol

119
Q

What is the connective segment that brings blood to every cell?

A

capillaries

120
Q

Where is the site of gas/nutrient exchange between blood and cells?

A

capillaries

121
Q

What is the connective segment leaving the capillaries to the heart?

A

venvel

122
Q

What takes blood towards the heart and is the best spot for bleeding?

A

veins

123
Q

What transports blood into the right atrium?

A

vena cava

124
Q

Blood flows to _____ pressure. What causes a change in the pressure of a vessel?

A

lower

constriction increases pressure and reduces flow
dilation decreases pressure and increases flow

125
Q

Blood flow is autoregulated from…

A

the level of O2 getting to cells

126
Q

What is the term for the measureing of the pressure in the blood vessels when your heart beats? When your heart rests between beats?

A

systolic blood pressure

diastolic blood pressure

127
Q

What is blood pressure flow measured in (units)?

A

mmHg

128
Q

Which organ detects oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?

A

liver

129
Q

What cells initiate muscle contraction?

A

endometrium cells

130
Q

What is the general term for all the processes of gas movement and metabolism?

A

respiration

131
Q

What is external respiration?

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and cellular mitochondria

132
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

respiration on the cellular level

intercellular metabolic processes carried out by the mitochondria to create energy

133
Q

What are the 4 aspects of internal and external respiration? What does each do?

A

ventilation
environment, movement, breathing
respiratory exchange
gas exchange between environment and ECF
circulation
transport of ECF
cellular exchange
exchange of O2 and CO2 between cells via capillaries

134
Q

What are the 6 functions of respiration?

A

provide O2 and remove CO2 via cells
regulation of body pH
temperature regulation
water elimination
phonation
olfaction

135
Q

What are the two tracts of the respiratory system?

A

upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract

136
Q

What compose the upper respiratory tract (6)?

A

nares
nose
nasal passages
mouth
pharynx
larynx

137
Q

What composes the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea
lungs
bronchi
bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli

138
Q

What composes the external opening where air flows into body?

A

nares and nose

139
Q

What part of the respiratory tract is made of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium? What are some components?

A

nasal passage

warms and humidifies air
cools blood for the brain
contains large blood vessels

140
Q

What are the thin, scroll-like ones that divide the passageway of the sinuses?

A

nasal turbinates (maxilloturbinals)

141
Q

What area of the respiratory tract separates the respiratory and digestive tracts?

A

pharynx

142
Q

What does the dorsal pharynx open up to? Ventral pharynx?

A

esophagus to digestive

larynx to respiratory

143
Q

What area of the respiratory tract is the tube connecting the pharynx to the trachea? What are some components?

A

larynx

voice box, does phonation
composed of cartilage and epiglottis
smooth muscle
supported by hyoid bone

144
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the larynx?

A

voice production
2 connective tissue bands attached to cartilages
prevention on inhalation of foreign material
epiglottis covers trachea opening
controls airflow to and from the lungs

145
Q

What part of the respiratory tract is the primary passageway for air? What is it connected to (caudal and costal)? What is a major part of it?

A

trachea

larynx and 2 bronchi

walls contain C-shaped cartilage to prevent collapsing

146
Q

What organ is the principal structure of respiration? What are the major components?

A

lungs

bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
different lobes containing bronchi branches

147
Q

What are the 3 lobe types of the lungs?

A

superior
middle
inferior

same for both lungs

148
Q

What is the sac around the lungs that creates a negative pressure vacuum? What are the 2 cavities associated with it?

A

pleura

visceral and parietal

149
Q

What are the components of the visceral and parietal cavities of the lungs?

A

intrapleural space
negative pressure

mediastinum
superior, anterior, middle, posterior

150
Q

What part of the lung is the first division of the trachea?

A

bronchi

151
Q

What part of the lung are the branches of the bronchi?

A

bronchioles

152
Q

What part of the lung is the base of the bronchi/bronchiole branching?

A

alveolar ducts

153
Q

What part of the lung participates in gas exchange with the capillaries?

A

alveoli

154
Q

What are the 2 types of alveoli cells? What are some components of each?

A

Type 1 alveolar cells
wall of the alveoli
primary site of gas exchange

Type 2 alveolar cells
secrete pulmonary surfactant
lipid/protein mixture needed for life, prevents collapsation

155
Q

What is the thin sheet of skeletal muscle that’s part of the respiratory system? Why is it important for respiration?

A

diaphragm

flattens when contracts to enlargen the volume of the thorax

156
Q

What binds the thoracic cavity? What is contained in the thoracic cavity?

A

thoracic vertebrae
ribs
intercostal muscle
sternum

heart
lungs
trachea
esophagus
blood vessels
nerves
lymphatic structures

157
Q

What are the 3 basic processes of respiration? Where do they occur?

A

pulmonary respiration
atmosphere to trachea
external respiration
occurs in the lungs at the alveoli level
internal respiration
occurs all over the body in cells

158
Q

What is considered the inspiration/expiration phase of respiration? What composes these 2 parts?

A

pulmonary ventilation

inspiration is inhaling, requires greater effort
expiration is exhaling, can be passive or active

159
Q

What are the 4 types of breathing? What do these look like?

A

eupnea
quiet breathing that occurs at rest

diaphragmatic
deep breathing

costal breathing
intercostals are engaged
shallow breathing that occurs when there is pain

hyperpnea
forced breathing that occurs when activity is happening at rest

160
Q

How is gas exchanged in the alveoli?

A

through simple diffusion
according to concentration gradient
O2 from air–>alveoli–>blood
CO2 from blood–>alveoli

161
Q

Deoxygenated blood enters lungs via ________ and oxygenated blood returns to left side of the heart via ________.

A

pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins

162
Q

What are the 3 types of pressure necessary for ventilation? Describe each.

A

atmospheric pressure
pressure from weight of atmospheric air on objects
intra-alveolar pressure
pressure inside alveoli
equal to atmospheric due to constant air flow
intrapleural pressure
pressure from outside lungs within thoracic cavity
less than atmospheric pressure

163
Q

What are the factors that affect respiratory cycles?

A

body size
age
condition
excitement
environmental temperature
pregnancy
degree of filling of digestive tract
state of health
gestation

164
Q

What = one respiration? What are some differences between sexes? Size of animal?

A

inspiration+expiration

females faster than males
smaller faster than larger
immature faster than mature

165
Q

What are the 2 types of ways to remove solid particulate inhaled into the lung?

A

upper respiratory tract clearance (cough)

alveolar clearance (absorb)

166
Q

What are the 4 methods of alveolar clearance?

A

phagocytized by macrophages
passing into interstitial space
dissolved and transported by blood/lymph
sequestered by connective tissue
causes loss of alveolar tissue

ANSI 3414 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions