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Into to Ethics > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

According to Roe v. Wade, the state has no right to regulate abortions in the first trimester.

A

False

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2
Q

According to the Roman Catholic Church, quickening occurs at roughly the same time as ______.

A

Ensoulment (the moment at which a human or other being gains a soul)

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3
Q

Roe v. Wade determined that a fetus is a person within the language and meaning of the 14th amendment.

A

False

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4
Q

Roe v. Wade determined that a fetus is not a person within the language and meaning of the 14th amendment.

A

False

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5
Q

What is quickening?

A

The first motion of the fetus in the uterus.

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6
Q

Before Roe v. Wade, abortions were illegal in the US, even to save the life of the mother.

A

False

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7
Q

A person is a being thought to have full moral rights.

A

True

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8
Q

Roe v. Wade made abortions legally obtainable at any time for any reason the woman chooses.

A

False

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9
Q

When the Roe court stated that the word “Person” as used in the constitution does not include the unborn, their statement is _______. (descriptive or normative)

A

Descriptive

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10
Q

According to Thomson, if you awoke hooked up to a famous violinist via a procedure that took place without your knowledge and the violinist needed the use of your kidneys for nine months, you would have no obligation to stay hooked up to the violinist, even if unhooking yourself means that the violinist will die.

A

True

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11
Q

According to Thomson, if you are allowed to unhook yourself from the famous violinist, then abortion is permissible at any time for any reason the woman chooses.

A

False

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12
Q

According to Thomson, something has a right to use your property if it needs your property to survive.

A

False

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13
Q

According to Thomson, the right to life is always stronger than the right to do as one chooses with one’s own body.

A

False

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14
Q

According to Thomson, the right to life is positive.

A

False

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15
Q

If the right to life is positive, then Henry Fonda really does have an obligation to fly in from the west coast to save you if that is the only thing that can save you.

A

True

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16
Q

If the traditional pro-life argument is not sound because it has a false premise, we may justifiably conclude that abortion is not wrong.

A

False

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17
Q

Judith Jarvis Thomson grants for the sake of argument that the fetus is a person from the moment of conception.

A

True
Granting for the sake of argument that the fetus has a right to life, Thomson uses thought experiments to argue that the right to life does not include, entail, or imply the right to use someone else’s body to survive and that induced abortion is therefore morally permissible.

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18
Q

According to Warren, all persons have a right to life.

A

True

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19
Q

According to Warren, one must possess all five characteristics (reasoning, etc.) in order to be a person.

A

False

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20
Q

According to Warren, there is no sense in which a fetus is a human.

A

False

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21
Q

What is a human but not a person in Warren’s view?

A

-a fetus
-an infant
-a human in a persistent vegetative state

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22
Q

Marquis believes that the most important issue in the abortion dispute is whether a fetus is human in a moral sense.

A

False

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23
Q

According to Marquis, abortion is wrong at any time for any reason.

A

False

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24
Q

Marquis denies that a fetus is a person.

A

False

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25
Q

According to Marquis’s strong pro-life position, the fetus is a person from the moment of conception.

A

False

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26
Q

According to Marquis, the fetus, whether it is a person or not, has a future like ours.

A

True

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27
Q

According to Marquis, because abortion robs a fetus of a future of value, abortion is wrong for the same reason that killing a normal adult human is wrong.

A

True

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28
Q

A virtue is the same thing as a right.

A

False

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29
Q

According to Aristotle, we become just by finding the correct moral rule.

A

False

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30
Q

Aristotle believed that to be virtuous means developing the mind and ignoring the body.

A

False

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31
Q

Because he was a righteous man, Franklin found the practice and achievement of moral perfection, “easy and agreeable to the soul.”

A

False

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32
Q

Benjamin Franklin is regarded as the founder of virtue ethics.

A

False
Virtue ethics began with Socrates, and was subsequently developed further by Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics.

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33
Q

By chastity, Franklin means that “thou shouldst just say nay!” to all sexual activity for the good of one’s soul.

A

False

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34
Q

Franklin set out on the bold and arduous project of

A

Moral perfection

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35
Q

Unlike the other moral theories we’ve discussed, virtue ethics does not focus on the rules governing the right action. It focuses on the virtue of doing the wrong actions and the good that can come from wrong actions.

A

False

36
Q

When Franklin talks about the virtue of order, he means not only putting physical objects in their proper place, he also means having things done in their proper time.

A

True

37
Q

What does Franklin list as a virtue?

A
  1. Temperance
  2. Silence
  3. Order
  4. Resolution
  5. Frugality
  6. Industry
  7. Sincerity
  8. Justice
  9. Moderation
  10. Cleanliness
  11. Tranquility
  12. Chastity
  13. Humility
38
Q

Franklin was an ethical egoist

A

False

39
Q

Franklin was a utilitarian

A

False

40
Q

How does one become virtuous, according to Aristotle?

A

Habit

41
Q

According to Socrates, the unexamined life is not worth living.

A

True

42
Q

The 1973 AMA statement on euthanasia forbids active euthanasia but allows passive euthanasia.

A

False

43
Q

There are four principles that are widely held to be central principles of biomedical ethics.

A

True

44
Q

On a consequentialist view, there is no morally relevant difference between doing and allowing.

A

True

45
Q

The present AMA statement forbids active euthanasia but allows passive euthanasia.

A

False

46
Q

What are Warren’s five characteristics for personhood?

A
  1. Consciousness
  2. Reasoning
  3. Self-motivated activity
  4. Commnication
  5. Self-awareness
47
Q

What are the four principles in clinical ethics?

A
  1. Beneficence
  2. Non-maleficence
  3. Autonomy
  4. Justice
48
Q

Define viability.

A

Viability is used by health care providers to describe whether a pregnancy is expected to continue developing normally or whether a fetus might survive independently/outside of the womb.

49
Q

According to James Rachels, withholding/withdrawing treatment is nothing but the intentional termination of life by passive means. That is why he believes the AMA statement allows passive euthanasia. Rachels is wrong, however, in that one may withhold/withdraw treatment without intending the death of the patient, even if one knows that withholding/withdrawing treatment will result in the death of the patient.

A

True

50
Q

On a consequentialist view, there is no morally relevant difference between doing and allowing.

A

True

51
Q

According to Peter Singer, there is no morally relevant difference between killing and letting die.

A

True

52
Q

“I would not save the drowning child in the shallow ornamental pond” is a normative statement.

A

False

53
Q

According to Rachels, there is no morally relevant difference between active and passive euthanasia.

A

True

54
Q

According to Singer, one must sacrifice one’s life if that is what it takes to save the drowning child in the shallow ornamental pond. In the same way, we must sacrifice our lives for the greater good of alleviating the suffering associated with absolute poverty.

A

False

55
Q

According to Lent, the cessation of the employment of extraordinary means is the intentional termination of life by passive means.

A

False

56
Q

Hastening death is the same thing as intending death, according to the new AMA statements.

A

False

57
Q

Those who live in the kind of affluence that most Americans enjoy have the resources to alleviate some of the suffering associated with absolute poverty.

A

True

58
Q

Peter Singer is a utilitarian.

A

True

59
Q

Singer believes that if we can prevent something bad from happening without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral worth, then we ought morally to do it.

A

True

60
Q

Absolute poverty is bad.

A

True

61
Q

According to utilitarianism, there is no morally relevant difference between killing and letting die.

A

True

62
Q

According to Rachels, the cessation of the employment of extraordinary means is the intentional termination of life by passive means.

A

True

63
Q

If a person has a negative right to something (a negative right to life, liberty, property, for example), that negative right requires that others provide something to the person with the right.

A

False

64
Q

“I would save the drowning child in the shallow ornamental pond” is a normative statement.

A

False

65
Q

The principle of equality requires that if a man has a right to something, a woman has exactly the same right. So, if men have a right to prostate exams, women have a right to prostate exams.

A

False

66
Q

Singer uses the example of the drowning child to argue for his principle that _______.

A

we should give a lot to famine aid.

67
Q

If a doctor intentionally takes a person’s life, the act is not euthanasia if the doctor did it to end the patient’s suffering.

A

False

68
Q

If a doctor withdraws treatment to respect a patient’s autonomous choice, the doctor has committed passive euthanasia.

A

False

69
Q

If a human being lacks the higher capacities, its life has less value than a human being with those capacities, according to Peter Singer.

A

False

70
Q

If we apply the principle of equality to animals, then we have an obligation to buy the family dog new socks just as we have an obligation to buy the family children new socks.

A

False

71
Q

Speciesism is not merely a prejudice or bias in favor of one’s own species as though preferring human company to an evening with lab rats makes one a speciesist. Speciesism is a prejudice or bias in favor of human interests, the belief that human pains and pleasures are more important than nonhuman interests merely in virtue of being human pains and pleasures.

A

True

72
Q

According to Singer, the principle of equality requires equal treatment.

A

False

73
Q

Different types of reasoning

A

Modus Ponens:
If A, then B
A
Therefore B

Modus Tollens:
If A, then B
Not B
Therefore not A

Denying the Antecedent(invalid):
If A, then B
Not A
Therefore Not B

Affirming the Consequent(invalid):
If A, then B
B
Therefore A

74
Q

On Plato’s view, beautiful objects in the physical world are only shadows of beauty itself.

A

True

75
Q

Define epistemology.

A

The philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge.

76
Q

Plato is a rationalist.

A

True

77
Q

Define empiricism.

A

The view that all knowledge comes through experience.

A philosophical current that emphasizes the role of experience and evidence in the formation of ideas and acquisition of knowledge.

78
Q

In the Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners see only the shadows of things, not the things themselves.

A

True

79
Q

In the Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners are just like us.

A

True

80
Q

In the Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners don’t know they are prisoners.

A

True

81
Q

In the Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners
believe they know what reality is like.

A

True

82
Q

What does the inside of the cave represent?

A

The world of appearance, the empirical world, a world in a constant state of flux.

83
Q

According to Plato, the thing that is the most real is The Good.

A

True

84
Q

According to Plato, there are two ultimate realities, The Good and The Bad.

A

False

85
Q

According to Plato, there are three ultimate realities, The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly.

Nothing is real. There’s nothing to get hung about.

A

False

86
Q

According to Plato, nothing is real. There’s nothing to get hung about.

A

False

Into to Ethics (4 decks)

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