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Biotechnology in Society > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Steps to DNA profiling

A

Isolate DNA samples from crime scene, make copies of specific DNA portions, compare amplified DNA from crime scene

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2
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction- amplifies specific regions of DNA for comparison between individuals- denaturation, annealing, extension

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3
Q

Components of PCR

A

DNA template, nucleotides, primers, DNA polymerase- thermostable DNA polymerase (taq)

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4
Q

STR

A

Short tandem repeats (specific locations throughout the genome), amplified during PCR

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5
Q

STR alleles

A

Each STR has several alleles, each person has two copies of this region

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6
Q

Two main properties of STRs

A

Vary in length between people and we know their location in the genome

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7
Q

Analyzing STRs

A

Isolate DNA, use PCR to amplify STR, compare sizes of multiple STRs using electrophoresis

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8
Q

Running an STR analysis

A

Isolate DNA from crime scene and two suspects, PCR performed to amplify the STR strands, strands are separated on gel electrophoresis

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9
Q

Exclusion

A

A difference at any one locus- the DNA does not match (suspect is excluded)

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9
Q

Inclusion

A

DNA matches at all the loci examined- suspect is included although not 100% match

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10
Q

What is a clone?

A

Identical copy, somatic cells are all clones, produced by mitosis, asexual process

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11
Q

Reversing the differentiation process

A

Starving the cells of essential nutrients, inducing the cells to freeze in a quiescent state, resting phase

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12
Q

Why doesn’t SCNT produce a true clone

A

Mitochondrial DNA from the donor mother of the egg

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13
Q

Benefits of cloning

A

Agriculture (preserve prize genetics), basic science (clone rare animals), medicine (organs for transplantation)

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14
Q

Problems associated with cloning

A

Low efficiency process, epigenomic issues, health of the cloned animal

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15
Q

Xenotransplantation

A

Procedure that involves the transplantation or implantation into a human recipient of live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman source

16
Q

Safety concerns of xenotransplantation

A

Infection risk, organ rejection, fulfilling all the human organs roles

17
Q

Ethical concerns of xenotransplantation

A

Fair distribution of organs, animal welfare, religious and cultural considerations

18
Q

Gene editing

A

Changing an organisms DNA through a variety of methods

19
Q

What type of bonds need to be broken to edit gene

A

Covalent bonds- need to break double bonds (broken by Cas 9)

20
Q

CRISPR

A

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

21
Q

CRISPR + CAS 9

A

Bacterial immune system

22
Q

PAM

A

Protospacer adjacent motif- sequence within target genome that helps position the Cas9 sg:RNA complex

23
Q

NHEJ repair

A

Most active repair mechanism- causes small insertions or deletions

24
Q

Components needed to make gene edits in a lab-crispr cas 9 experiment

A

Host cell, guide RNA, Cas proteins, DNA template

25
Q

Disadvantages to plasmids

A

May cause cytotoxicity, possible off target effects

26
Q

CRISPR gene editing limitations

A

Target sequence needs a PAM nearby, editing efficiency depends on transfection, target sequence has to be unique, edits are permanent and heritable

27
Q

CRISPR gene editing dangers

A

Long term effects unknown, off target effects, ethical dilemma

28
Q

AI

A

An evolving technology that tries to simulate human intelligence using machines

29
Q

Two subfields of AI

A

Machine learning and deep learning

30
Q

Two things responisble for AI practical success

A

Increasingly available data sets and data quality

31
Q

AI robustness

A

Limited by data quality and quantity, large databases improve performance

32
Q

Ai limitations

A

Limited by available data, bias, lack of common sense, emotion and creativity

33
Q

How is bias introduced

A

The initial training data

34
Q

Safety concerns of AI

A

May cause accidents or harm people, cyber attacks, privacy concerns

Biotechnology in Society (2 decks)

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