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Archaeology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where did the oldest dolmens originate?

A

central/northern Europe around 4500 BC

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2
Q

what is the largest dolman in France?

A

dolmen de Bagneux

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3
Q

when did urbanism begin

A

6 kya

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4
Q

what are the two theoretical frameworks?

A

1.demographic approach
2. functional approach

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5
Q

what is the demographic approach?

A

Urbanism emerges through aggregation of large, dense, permanent, and heterogeneous populations with limited territory and exhibits evidence of social or economic complexity

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6
Q

what is the functional approach?

A

Focuses on the integrative potential of urban systems and how institutions, activities, and processes of urbanization affect the wider hinterlands

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7
Q

what are the two forms of urbanism?

A
  1. high density urbanism
  2. low density urbanism
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8
Q

what is characteristics of high density urbanism?

A

-High population densities
-Communities arranged vertically
-Appear in regions exhibiting limited amounts of species diversity
-Emerge among societies that rely heavily on stored surplus goods, formal agriculture and domesticated animals

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9
Q

what are characteristics of low density urbanism?

A

-Characterized by centralized and long standing places surrounded by smaller nodes that are interspersed with sprawling, dispersed, low density residential and food production areas.
-Form vast and complex agro-urban landscapes

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10
Q

what was one of the earliest urban societies?

A

Uruk
4000 BC- 1000 BC

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11
Q

what was the earliest monumental architecture at Uruk?

A

Anu Ziggurat

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12
Q

what was the largest pre columbian community north of mexico?

A

Cahokia
inhabited by around 20,000 people

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13
Q

what was the largest pre columbian structure in the United States?

A

Monks Mound

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14
Q

what is a wooden henge?

A

circular figure demarcated by large upright timbers

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15
Q

what were wooden henges used for?

A

astronomical observations

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16
Q

What was Mound 72?

A

it contained a series of burials dating between AD 1050 - 1100

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17
Q

what are first burial episodes at Mound 72?

A

first burial episodes –> contained cache of offerings

pottery vessels, projectile points and shell beads

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18
Q

what are subsequent burial episodes at Mound 72?

A

subsequent burial episodes -> put containing more than 50 young women and a platform with four young men

men were all beheaded and be-handed

appear to be sacrificial victims to accompany powerful chiefs in after life

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19
Q

what was a chief burial at mound 72?

A

contained possible chief laid out on a litter composed of thousands of drilled shell beads and surrounded by offerings

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20
Q

overall what was Mound 72?

A

elaborate burial ceremonialism and marked social differentiation

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21
Q

what kind of society was Cahokia?

A

Hierarchical

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22
Q

what was the largest empire in pre columbian Americas?

A

Inca Empire

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23
Q

when were the Inca conquered by the spanish?

A

1572

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24
Q

what kind of economy did the Inca have?

A

Non market

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25
Q

what does a non market economy mean?

A

Exchange of goods and services was based on reciprocity

No money

No market

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26
Q

who were the largest society/empire of people we know about?

A

The Inca

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27
Q

what was the capital of the Inca empire?

A

Cusco

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28
Q

who was the temple of the sun dedicated to?

A

Inti, the sun god

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29
Q

what are the largest contiguous archaeological remains in South America?

A

Inca Highways

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30
Q

how many miles does the Inca highways span?

A

25,000 miles

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31
Q

what was considered the lifeline of the Inca state?

A

the inca highways

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32
Q

what are some characteristics of the inca highways?

A

Facilitated foot traffic and light loas pack animals like domesticated llamas

No wheels

Used to move government messengers, Inca armies, royal litters, or state trade caravans

Tampus (seats of local government) networked along roads

You could only use these roads if you had permission

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33
Q

when did the Maya settle in Guatemala?

A

1000 BC

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34
Q

what is one of the largest pyramids of the world?

A

El Mirador

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35
Q

when was the classic maya?

A

AD 250- 950

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36
Q

where did the maya encompass?

A

Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Yucatan and lowland Mexico

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37
Q

what was one of the largest complexes built during the classic period?

A

Tikal

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38
Q

around how many people lives in Tikal?

A

80,000

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39
Q

is Tikal high density or low density urbanism?

A

low density

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40
Q

what are raised fields?

A

agricultural method that grows crops on raised platforms of soil in order to protect crops from flooding

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41
Q

when were the classic Maya cities abandoned?

A

AD 950

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42
Q

why did the Maya abandon their cities?

A

Drought overwhelmed already stretched agricultural capacity of centers

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43
Q

what was the largest settlement complex of the pre industrial world?

A

Angkor

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44
Q

what was the capital of the Khmer empire?

A

Angkor

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45
Q

when did early humans colonize Amazonia?

A

around 10,000 BC

Caverna de Pedra Pintada

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46
Q

where did a radical shift in social and economic organization happen?

A

Amazonia Formative

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47
Q

what are the three intensive landscape modification?

A
  1. forest management
  2. prensece of terra pretas
  3. earthen construction
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48
Q

Forest management had what evidence for anthropogenic distribution?

A

species hyper dominance

megafaunal dispersal syndrome

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49
Q

what is terra preta?

A

anthropogenic soil formed through in-situ processes and composed of high levels of soil organic matter, biochar and ceramics

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50
Q

what is terra mulata?

A

characterized by lighter colored soil and little to no ceramics

51
Q

what is Galactic?

A

model of urbanism

52
Q

when was there intensive human occupation and land modification in the Amazon Lowlands?

A

1000 BC

53
Q

what are characteristics of Santarem?

A

Large, sprawling urban center

Social hierarchy

Huge tracts of terra preta and terra mulata

Roads, artificial ponds, caches, funerary and habituation mounds

Production of very elaborate ceramics

Likely center of production for green stones

54
Q

what is cities?

A

places that demand a surplus of agriculture and food resources to be exchanged and used to feed the builders of public architecture and specialists involved in producing luxury goods

55
Q

what is a surplus?

A

often controlled and disturbed through influence of an elite

56
Q

what are states?

A

the structures of complex societies whereby elites acquired sufficient authority and power to encourage the production of an agricultural surplus and control its allocation.

57
Q

how did elite groups rise in societies?

A

Controlling material resources

Exploiting ideologies

58
Q

what are landscapes?

A

the perception of a region or environment as a culturally framed and organized space

59
Q

what is a monument?

A

a structure, the meaning and purpose of which are shared across a social collective

60
Q

what is a henge?

A

a round monument consisting of an earthen bank and internal ditch; often includes upright stones or timbers

61
Q

what are doloritic bluestones?

A

inner stones at Stonehenge, brought from the Preseli hills in Wales

62
Q

what are sarsen stones?

A

outer ring of limestone stone at Stonehenge

63
Q

what are characteristics of the building of the stonehenge?

A

Difficult to date and determine if constructed in one phase or multiple phases

No methods exists to precisely date quarried stones

Radiocarbon dates from bottom of ancient ditches

Dug during Britain’s Neolithic period around 3100 BC

Holes where sarsen stones are set

Antler digging-pick dating to around 2500 BC

64
Q

what was the purpose of stonehenge?

A

Astronomical observatory

Precise sightings of the summer and winter solstice, spring and winter equinoxes and maybe even lunar eclipses

Need to broaden our understanding of cultural landscape surrounding Stonehenge

65
Q

what are the durrington walls?

A

anchored smaller community that welcomed midsummer and midwinter communal feasting

66
Q

what does the stone of stonehenge stand for?

A

for the dead

67
Q

what does the wood in stonehenge stand for?

A

wood if for the living

68
Q

what was the main purpose of Maya writing?

A

reinforce agency of Maya rulers

69
Q

what was maya writing used for?

A

Ordered construction of stone stelae and panels

Record births

Document dynastic genealogies and alliances

Catalog combat victories and sacrifice of rival captives

70
Q

what is a glyph?

A

a written symbol within a set of symbols that are used together to represent elements if a written language

71
Q

what is a logogram?

A

an image that stands for a single world

72
Q

what is a pictogram?

A

a logogram that resembles what it stands for

73
Q

what is a syllabogram?

A

an image that stands for a sound

74
Q

what is a phonetic symbol?

A

series can be put together to sound a word

75
Q

when were the Mayan and other mesoamerican styles of writing fully formed?

A

200 BC - AD 200

76
Q

what writing style is still undeciphered?

A

Isthmian

77
Q

when did sedentism emerge?

A

6000 BC - 3800 BC

78
Q

when did the first Sumerian cities emerge?

A

3800 BC - 3000 BC

79
Q

what is proto-cuneiform?

A

oldest known form of writing

80
Q

what is cuneiform?

A

a writing system developed from proto-cuneiform, but kore stylized

81
Q

what is bulla?

A

a clay ball used to contain tokens that represented material goods

82
Q

what is an ideogram?

A

a written character that signifies an idea or concept, but which lack an identification for the spoken word

83
Q

what is Rebus Writing?

A

writing system that uses pictograms of objects, the name of which resembles in sound a work or syllable.

84
Q

What is lexical lists?

A

records that indicate worlds and their equivalents in other languages

85
Q

what was Sumerian writing used for?

A

economic and administrative purposes

text was primarily used to encode knowledge about control of resources

elite tool to control surplus of resources

86
Q

what was the second dynasty of China?

A

shang dynasty 1600 BC - 1050 BC

87
Q

what is the Tomb of Lady Hao?

A

recovered earliest inscriptions of Chinese writing

88
Q

what is the oldest continuously used writing system in the world?

A

Chinese

89
Q

what did the earliest examples of chinese writing appear on?

A

river turtle plastrons (oracle bones)

bronze ritual vessels

90
Q

what were oracle bones used for?

A

used in process of divination

91
Q

what were bronze vessels used for?

A

used for ritual offerings for ancestors

inscribed with the name of their ancestors

92
Q

How was the use of writing in ancient China different from Sumer and Maya writing?

A

Chinese-first appears associated with ritual and ceremony

Sumerian-largely a specialist administrative tool

Maya-record elite lineages and agency of rulers

93
Q

when did alphabets appear?

A

2000 years after the earliest Cuneiform in the Near East

94
Q

what is a benefit of alphabetical systems?

A

allow anyone to decode words, even if you don’t know the language the alphabet conveys

95
Q

what is Khipu?

A

talking knots

96
Q

what empire used khipu?

A

Inca empire

97
Q

what are the two types of data embedded in khipu?

A
  1. statistical or numerical records
  2. sequences of codes designed to prompt one’s memory
98
Q

Has khipu ever been fully deciphered by modern scholars?

A

no

99
Q

why was the ability to communicate information important?

A

critical to maintaining social relationships which facilitated the production of food and transport of good across long distances

100
Q

why is responsible archaeology important?

A

Protect the past for future generations

Engage the public to ensure that they understand the importance of the past for our present and future

Respect the needs and knowledge of descendent peoples

101
Q

what is public archaeology?

A

Branch of archaeology that focuses on increasing public awareness of archaeology and incorporating different communities into archaeological research

102
Q

In 2001 what did the Taliban destroy?

A

the two largest Budda sculptures in the world

103
Q

when was the national historic preservation act passed?

A

1966

104
Q

when was the archaeological resources protection act passed?

A

1979

105
Q

what did the national historic preservation act emphasize?

A

the importance of cultural resources

outlines the legal framework for the protection of cultural resources

106
Q

what did the archaeological resources protection act do?

A

Help preserve archaeological materials on Native American Lands

Governs excavations of archaeological sites on Federal and Indian lands, and removal and disposition of archaeological collections from those sites

107
Q

when was the native American graves protection and repatriation act (NAGPRA) passed?

A

1990

108
Q

what did the native American graves protection and repatriation act (NAGPRA) do?

A

Provides mechanisms for museums and federal agencies to return certain Native American cultural materials

Forbids trafficking in Native American cultural or human material

Establishes procedures for notification and consultation with tribes for planned consultation with tribes for planned excavation or accidental discovery of cultural materials on tribal property

109
Q

what does the African American Burial Grounds Preservation Act do?

A

Identify, preserve, interpret, research, and document historic African American burial grounds

110
Q

What did the Call for African American Graves and Repatriation Act (AAGPRA)
do?

A

Require universities and museums to catalog the remains of Black Americans in their collections and pause research pending consultation with descendent communities

Provide grant program to research African American graves and burials
Prohibit the sale and transfer of human remains

Establish review committee to oversee the law and adjudicate disputes

Require full public inventory of remains and publish inventories in the Federal Register

Require researchers and institutions to actively prioritize inclusive decision-making processes

111
Q

what is the non profit organization dedicated to acquiring and preserving archaeological sites in the united states called?

A

the archaeological conservancy

112
Q

when was the archaeological conservancy founded?

A

1980

113
Q

what is the society for American Archaeology (SAA)?

A

major professional organization for archaeologists in the United States

114
Q

What is principle #1?

A

Stewardship: The archaeological record is irreplaceable and it os the responsibility of all archaeologists to protect and promote stewardship of the archaeological record

115
Q

What is principle #2?

A

Accountability: Responsible archaeological research requires a commitment to consult with affected groups to establish a working relationship that can be beneficial to all parties involved.

116
Q

What is principle #3?

A

Commercialization: The buying and selling of objects contributes to the destruction of the archaeological record around the world. Archaeologists should discourage and avoid activities that enhance commercial value of archaeological objects

117
Q

What is principle #4?

A

Public Education and Outreach: Archaeologists should work with the public to improve the preservation, protection and interpretation of the archaeological record

118
Q

What is principle #5?

A

Intellectual Property: A researcher may have primary access to original materials and documents for a limited and reasonable time, after which these materials and documents must be made available to others.

119
Q

What is principle #6?

A

Public Reporting and Publication: The knowledge that archaeologists obtain in their investigations must be presented to the public.

120
Q

What is principle #7?

A

Records and Preservation: Archaeologists should work actively for the preservation of archaeological collections, records and reports.

121
Q

What is principle #8?

A

Training and Resources: Archaeologists must ensure that they have adequate training, experience, facilitates and other support necessary to conduct a program of research.

122
Q

What is principle #9?

A

Safe and Educational Workplace Environments: Archaeologists must abide by laws and policies that pertain to harassment and assault to maintain safe and respectable work and learning environments.

123
Q

Are archaeological finds something that has to be made public?

A

yes

Archaeology (3 decks)

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