Exam 3 - Part 1

Question 1

adverse effects of alpha2 agonists

Answer 1

vasoconstriction
bradycardia
decrease CO
occasional arousal by movement/noise

Question 2

dogs - commonly used alpha2 agonist and what can you add for additional analgesia or sedation

Answer 2

dexmedetomidine

opioid - sedation/analgesia
acepromazine - sedation

Question 3

horses - commonly used alpha2 agonist for standing procedures and what can you add for additional analgesia

Answer 3

detomidine - less ataxia

NSAIDs
opioids
local anesthetics

Question 4

alpha2 agonists are used as emetics in what species

Answer 4

cats

Question 5

disadvantages of acepromazine

Answer 5

not reversible
vasodilation = hypotension
tranquilizer - not good as sole agent

Question 6

when is azaperone commonly used

Answer 6

pigs or wildlife
not horses due to large volume needed

Question 7

choice of opioids in dogs, cats, horses and small ruminants/camelids

Answer 7

dogs - mu agonists
(increased dose, increased sedation)

cats - kappa agonist (butorphanol), lower doses of mu agonists due to excitation
(increased dose, increased excitation)

horses - lower dose mu agonist
(increased dose, increased excitation)

small ruminants/camelids - low dose mu agonists due to risk of GI stasis

Question 8

what species are prone to excitatory effects of benzodiazepines

Answer 8

cats and horses

Question 9

biggest disadvantage of opioids

Answer 9

dose-dependent resp depression

can also have nausea

Question 10

benzodiazepines can be the primary sedative in which animals

Answer 10

young foals, camelids, goats and sheep

Question 11

what drugs are good for total intramuscular protocols where GA is to be induced with a single injection (e.g. spay/neuter clinics or aggressive patients)

Answer 11

ketamine

telazol

Question 12

common lung injuries in trauma patients

Answer 12

lung contusion
pneumothorax
myocardial contusion
diaphragmatic hernia

Question 13

abnormalities due to lung contusions

Answer 13

atelectasis
hypoxemia/hypoventilation

Question 14

if a patient has a lung contusion and may require IPPV however this may result in a risk of ______

Answer 14

barotrauma/pneumothorax

Question 15

if a patient has a pneumothorax and IPPV is used, this will result in ______

Answer 15

tension pneumothorax

Question 16

abnormalities associated with a tension pneumothorax

Answer 16

decreased lung compliance
decreased blood pressure
cardiovascular collapse

Question 17

treatment for tension pneumothorax

Answer 17

emergency thoracocentesis
chest tube

Question 18

abnormalities associated with diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 18

decreased FRC
atelectasis
hypoxemia

Question 19

abnormalities with myocardial contusions? treatment?

Answer 19

arrhythmias - VPC
O2, fluids, analgesia, lidocaine

Question 20

what drugs to avoid with myocardial contusions

Answer 20

alpha2 agonists
thiopental
halothane

Question 21

what abnormalities are associated with ruptured bladder in trauma patient

Answer 21

azotemia
low NaCl
hyperkalemia = life threatening arrhythmias (bradycardia) - normalize before anesthesia

Question 22

treatments for hyperkalemia

Answer 22

drain urine
calcium, bicarb, insulin, dextrose

Question 23

what drug can you give during intubation to lessen the risk of intubation spiking an increase in ICP

Answer 23

lidocaine

Question 24

anesthetic considerations to follow with trauma patient

Answer 24

CV and pulmonary sparing
reversible
titratable
Oxygen
secure airway

Question 25

most common induction combination in a trauma patient

Answer 25

opioid + benzodiazepine

Question 26

why do you want small amounts of inhalant anesthetics in trauma patients

Answer 26

IA cause loss of autoregulation in brain due to vasodilation

MAC REDUCTION < 1

Question 27

Cardiovascular changes during pregnancy

Answer 27

↑ blood volume (plasma > RBC thus “anemia”)
↑ CO (40%)
compensatory reflex delayed

Question 28

respiratory changes during pregnancy

how does progesterone affect respiration

Answer 28

↓ TLC & FRC
↑ risk of hypoxemia

progesterone ↑ sensitivity to PaCO2

Question 29

CNS considerations during pregnancy

Answer 29

↑ sensitivity to anesthetics

↓ anesthetic requirement due to progesterone GABA modulatory effects & hormonal influence on pain

Question 30

GI considerations during pregnancy

Answer 30

↑ risk of regurgitation and aspiration due to delayed gastric emptying and decreased esophageal sphincter tone

Question 31

anesthetic management for C-section

Answer 31

correct any deficits
preoxygenate
rapid induction/secure airway
minimize dose and anesthetic time
resuscitate neonate
maintain normal BP

Question 32

choice of pre-meds for pregnant
small animals -
large animals -
ruminants/camelids -

Answer 32

opiods

alpha2 agonists

benzos

Question 33

choice of induction drugs for pregnant
small animal -
large animal -

Answer 33

IV only
propofol, alfaxalone

ketamine + propofol or benzo

Question 34

care for neonate post C-section

Answer 34

remove placental membranes
clear oropharynx of secretions
antagonize drugs (sublingual or umbilical v)

Question 35

physiologic considerations of the neonate

Answer 35

immature liver enzymes (increased duration of drugs due to decreased metabolism)
hypoglycemia
hypothermia
immature sympathetic NS (risk of hypotension and bradycardia)
atelectasis due to decrease FRC - hypoventilation/hypoxemia

Question 36

anesthetic considerations for neonate

Answer 36

no fasting (hypoglycemic risk)
short, reversible drugs
warming techniques
maintain glucose > 70
avoid bradycardia (atropine if needed)
MAP > 55 (can give ephedrine)