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Microbiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Acquisition of chemical substances for use in the cellular activities

A

Nutrition

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2
Q

Needed in small amounts; used in enzyme function and maintenence of protein structures

A

Micronutrient

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3
Q

Needed in large amounts; used in cell structure and metabolism

A

Macronutrient

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4
Q

An organism that obtains carbon in an inorganic form

A

Autotroph

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5
Q

An organism that requires an organic carbon source

A

Heterotroph

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6
Q

An organism that uses light as an energy source

A

Phototroph

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7
Q

An organism that obtains energy from the oxidation of chemical compounds

A

Chemotroph

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8
Q

Microbes utilize typical mechanisms for moving material across their membranes

A

Membrane Transport

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9
Q

Dispersion of molecules from higher concentration to lower

A

Diffusion

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10
Q

Diffusion of substance through a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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11
Q

Transport of substance against concentration gradient

A

Active Transport

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12
Q

Lowest temperature that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism

A

Minimum environmental factor temp

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13
Q

Highest temperature that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism

A

Maximum environmental factor temp

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14
Q

promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism

A

Optimal environmental factor

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15
Q

Organism that uses gaseous oxygen (O2) in its metabolism and can process the toxic oxygen byproducts

A

Aerobe

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16
Q

Organism that cannot live in the absence of oxygen

A

Obligate Aerobe

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17
Q

Organism that can use oxygen if it is present, but adopts an anaerobic form of metabolism in the absence of oxygen

A

Facultative Anaerobe

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18
Q

Organism that does not use oxygen for metabolism and cannot tolerate its presence.

A

Obligate Anaerobe

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19
Q

Organisms that grow in extremely acidic habitats

A

Acidophile

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20
Q

Organisms that grow in extremely alkaline habitats

A

Alkaliphile

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21
Q

Require a high concentration of salt

A

Halophile

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22
Q

Survive extreme pressure- will rupture at normal pressure

A

Barophile

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23
Q

Organisms who live in close nutritional relationships required by one or both

A

Symbiotic

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24
Q

Free living organsim not needing other organsim

A

Nonsymbiotic

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25
Q

Obligatory dependant; both members benefit

A

Mutualism

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26
Q

Other member not harmed

A

Commensalism

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27
Q

Parasite is dependent and benefits; host harmed

A

Parasitism

28
Q

Members cooperate and share nutrients

A

Synergism

29
Q

Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others

A

Antagonism

30
Q

Cell to 2 daughter cells

A

Binary fission

31
Q

Sum of all Chemical and physical processes of an organsim

A

Metabolism

32
Q

Reactions in which large molecules are broken down to form smaller ones.

A

Catabolism

33
Q

synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones

A

Anabolism

34
Q

Enzyme consisting of protein alone

A

Simple Enzyme

35
Q

Enzyme that contains protein and non-protein molecules

A

Conjugated enzymes

36
Q

Non-protein portions of enzyme

A

Cofactors

37
Q

Always present, always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of amount of substrate

A

Constitutive enzyme

38
Q

Not constantly present; production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of the substrate

A

Regulated enzyme

39
Q

Cells manage energy in the form of chemical reactions that make or break bonds and transfer electrons

A

Redox

40
Q

Reaction that consumes energy

A

Endergonic

41
Q

Reaction that releases energy

A

Exergonic

42
Q

Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, respiratory chain

A

Aerobic respiration

43
Q

Utilizes oxygen-containing ions, rather than free oxygen, as the final electron acceptor

A

Anaerobic respiration

44
Q

Glycolysis, organic compounds are the final electron acceptors

A

Fermentation

45
Q

Series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which electrons are transferred from fuel molecules (glucose) to oxygen as a final electron acceptor

A

Aerobic respiration

46
Q

Anaerobic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvic acid

A

Glycolosis

47
Q

Processes pyruvic acid to generate 3 CO2 molecules, NADH and FADH2

A

Kreb’s cycle

48
Q

Accepts electrons from NADH and FADH2; generates ATP through sequential redox reactions called oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron transport chain

49
Q

Complete set of genes of an organism

A

Genome

50
Q

Tightly coiled DNA molecule that contains genes

A

Chromosome

51
Q

Production of the product of a gene

A

Gene expression

52
Q

Process of conveying information on DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

53
Q

RNA is used to produce proteins

A

Translation

54
Q

Carries DNA message through complementary copy; message is in triplets called codons

A

Messenger RNA

55
Q

“Key” to translation. RNA language to Protein language.

A

Transfer RNA

56
Q

Component of ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs

A

Ribosomal RNA

57
Q

Triplet of nucleotides on the RNA specifies a particular amino acid

A

Codon

58
Q

Change in phenotype due to a change in genotype (base sequence of DNA)

A

Mutatation

59
Q

Mutation with a substitution of a base

A

Point mutation

60
Q

A natural, nonmutated characteristic is known as a

A

Wild type

61
Q

Transfer of a plasmid or chromosomal fragment from a donor cell to a recipient cell via a direct connection

A

Conjunction

62
Q

Ability to accept any chromosome fragments

A

Transformation

63
Q

Bacteriophage serves as a carrier of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell

A

Transduction

64
Q

Random fragments of disintegrating host DNA are picked up by the phage during assembly; any gene can be transmitted this way

A

Generalized transduction

65
Q

A highly specific part of the host genome is regularly incorporated into the virus

A

Specialized transduction

Microbiology (5 decks)

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