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Ex. Phys I > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Alveoli

A

clusters of air sacs surrounded by capillaries

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1
Q

Functions of Respiratory System

A

bring O2 in for ETC and making ATP
take CO2 out via Krebs Cycle
pH balance

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2
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

2 thin cell layers (alveolar cells + cell wall of capillary) through which gas diffuses made of simple squamous epithelium

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3
Q

What structural characteristics of the lungs/alveoli increase the rate of diffusion of gases between air and blood?

A 
diffusion distance (small)
surface area (large)
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4
Q

Function of Surfactant

A
  • decrease surface tension and the work required to inhale lungs
  • placenta releases cortisol which stimulate surfactant release in fetus’ lungs; concern for premature babies
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5
Q

Why does air move in and out of lungs?

Resistance is determined by what?

A
  • pressure gradient is created by increasing and decreasing volume of lungs
  • determined by diameter of airways (SNS-dilates, more flow and faster respiration; PSNS-constricts, small dead space)
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6
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P and V are inversely related

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7
Q

Increase in V of thoracic cavity = ?

Decrease in V of thoracic cavity = ?

A
  • increase V of thoracic cavity = inc. V of lungs = dec. Plungs < Patm so air flows in until Plungs=Patm
  • decrease V of thoracic cavity = dec. V of lungs = inc. Plungs > Patm so air flows out until Plungs=Patm
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8
Q

Minute Ventilation

A

TV * frequency of breaths

total volume of inhaled or exhaled per minute

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9
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

  • anatomic dead space
  • physiologic dead space
A

air that flows in and out of alveoli = (TV-DS) * frequency of breaths
anatomic DS - volume of airways
physiologic DS - cased by lack of blood blood to alveoli

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10
Q

Pulmonary Function Tests:
FVC
FEV1
FEV1/FVC

A

FVC- total volume of air that can be exhaled fast
FEV1- max volume of air exhaled in 1st second
FEV1/FVC *100 = % of VC exhaled in 1 second
**Tell us about the resistance of airways/diameter of airways

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11
Q

Obstructive Disorder:

  • Fundamental Problem
  • Functional Problem
  • Key to Diagnosis
A

Fundamental Problem: narrowed airways
Functional Problem: getting air out (exhaling)
Key to Diagnosis: FEV1/FVC < or = to 70% of normal

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12
Q

Restrictive Disorders:
Fundamental Problem
Functional Problem
Key to Diagnosis

A

Fundamental Problem: lungs too small
Functional Problem: getting air in (inhaling)
Key to Diagnosis: decrease VC and TLC

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13
Q

Lung Capacity Changes in Obstructive and Restrictive Diseases

A

Obstructive: RV increase, IRV decrease, VC decrease
Restrictive: RV decrease, ERV decrease, VC decrease, TLC decrease

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14
Q

FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC*100 of Obstructive and Restrictive Diseases

A

Obstructive: decreased FEV1, FVC, and %
Restrictive: decreased FEV1, FVC, and increased % due to decreased VC and TLC

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15
Q

Do lung volumes or pulmonary function values predict exercise performance?

A

NO!! Can only improve by training the muscles if impaired

Swimmers can increase TLC and VC by increasing strength of respiratory muscles

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16
Q

Where is the ventilation-perfusion ratio the greatest?

Ratio for top of lungs, base of lungs, and average for all?

A

greatest at the base of the lungs due to gravity
top of lungs = 3.3
bottom of lungs = 0.6
average = 0.8

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17
Q

Acute Ventilatory Responses to Exercise: What happens to?

  • minute ventilation
  • tidal volume
  • frequency of breathing
  • air flow through airways
A

Minute vent - increases
TV - increases (increased contraction of diaphragm & ex. intercostals)
f - increases
air flow - increases (decreased R due to SNS)

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18
Q

Muscles for Expiration vs. Inspiration

A

Expiration: abdominals, internal intercostals
Inspiration: diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, scalenes, SCM

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19
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation During Rest and Physical Activity: rest –> mod exercise –> intense exercise

A

Breathing Rate: 12–>30–>50
Tidal Volume: 0.5–>2.5–>3.0
Minute Ventilation: 6–>75–>150

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20
Q

Alveolar Vent/Minute Vent * 100 = Rest vs. Exercise

A

Rest - 70%

Exercise - 85%

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21
Q

Effect of Cold Weather Activity on Respiratory Tract

A

Cold air w/ low humidity - fluid loss from airways

Acute effect = Inflammation in lining of upper airways and decreased amount of ciliated epithelial cells

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22
Q

Exercise training does not change lung volumes or FEV1/FVC

A

except swimming

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23
Q

Effect of Training on Pulmonary Ventilation

A
  • ventilatory muscles only

- endurance athlete increases maximal minute ventilation due to training of respiratory muscles

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24
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

total pressure of gases is sum of all partial pressures of individual gases

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25
Q

Altitude and Partial Pressures

A

percentage of gases remains the same, partial pressure of the gas changes as the atmospheric pressure changes

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26
Q

Partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in atmospheric air vs. alveolar air

A

Atmospheric air: O2 =159mmHg, CO2 = 0.3mmHg

Alveolar air: O2 = 100mmHg, CO2 = 39mmHg

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27
Q

Rate of diffusion of gases between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries depends on (Fick’s Law of Diffusion):

A 
SA
diffusion distance
partial pressure gradient
molecular weight
solubility of gas in blood
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28
Q

Time Required for Gas Exchange in Lungs:

A
  • takes about 0.3 seconds for gas to exchange; total transit time is 0.75 seconds
  • exercise and high CO decreases transit time
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29
Q

Oxygen Diffusion at Rest: atm –> alveoli –> arterial blood –> tissues –>venous blood

A

atm: 159 mmHg
alveoli: 100 mmHg
arterial blood: 100 mmHg
tissues: 40 mmHg
venous blood: 40 mmHg

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30
Q

Carbon Dioxide Diffusion at Rest: atm –> alveoli –> arterial blood –> tissues –> venous blood

A

atm: 0.3 mmHg
alveoli: 40 mmHg
arterial blood: 40 mmHg
tissues: 45 mmHg
venous blood: 45 mmHg

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31
Q

2 Ways for Oxygen Transport

A

1) O2 dissolved in plasma = arterial pO2 1.5%

2) O2 bound to hemoglobin = 98.5%

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32
Q

Hemoglobin

A

protein inside RBCs that binds with oxygen, 4 iron containing hemes attached to 4 chains of amino acids

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33
Q

Hemoglobin-Oxygen Dissociation Curve

A

Steep beginning of curve = hemoglobin releases O2 fast to meet needs of tissues
Plateau at end of curve = hemoglobin holds on to O2 despite drops in pO2

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34
Q

What determines how much O2 hemoglobin releases to tissues?

A

More O2 unloaded off hemoglobin:

  • decrease in pO2 in tissues
  • increase in temp
  • increase in pCO2
  • increase in acidity
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35
Q

Shifting of Dissociation Curve: increasing temp, decreasing pH/increasing acidity, increasing pCO2

A

Increasing Temp = shift right, decreased affinity of Hb for O2
Decreasing pH = shift right, decreased affinity of Hb for O2
Increasing pCO2 = shift right, decreased affinity of Hb for O2

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36
Q

Oxygen Diffusion at the Muscle: assisted by and function of this is?

A

Assisted by myoglobin: oxygen store/reserve at start of exercise, increases diffusion of oxygen from blood to muscle mitochondria, high affinity for O2

37
Q

Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference (a-vO2diff)

A

a-vO2diff = difference between amount of oxygen in arterial blood and in venous blood = amount extracted by tissues or unloaded from blood
- Heart is limiting factor in O2 delivery to muscles during exercise because muscles more efficiently able to remove O2

38
Q

What determines how loaded with oxygen hemoglobin becomes when it passes through pulmonary capillaries?

A

pO2 in alveolar air

39
Q

What determines how much oxygen hemoglobin unloads to tissues?

A

pO2 in tissues + temp,pCO2,pH

40
Q

3 Methods of CO2 Transport in Blood

A

-bicarbonate Ions (HCO3-) 75%
CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 –> HCO3- + H+
-bound to hemoglobin 20%
-dissolved in plasma pCO2 5%

41
Q

What happens to pO2 in arterial blood, pO2 in muscle, pO2 in venous blood, and a-vO2diff during exercise?

A

PaO2 = no change
pO2 in muscle = decrease
PvO2 = decrease
a-vO2diff = increase because pO2 in muscle decreases and increases in CO2, temp, and acidity

42
Q

O2 Unloading During Exercise

A

temp, acidity, and pCO2 increases –> shift right –> decreased affinity of Hb for O2 –> O2 released

43
Q

Oxygen Diffusion During Maximal Exercise: atm –> alveoli –> arterial blood –> active muscle –> mixed venous blood

A

atm: 159 mmHg
alveoli: 100 mmHg
arterial blood: 100 mmHg
active muscle: 5 mmHg
mixed venous blood: 15 mmHg

44
Q

CO2 Diffusion During Maximal Exercise: atm –> alveoli –> arterial blood –> tissues –> venous blood

A

atm: 0.3 mmHg
alveoli: 40 mmHg
arterial blood: 40 mmHg
tissues: 70 mmHg
venous blood: 70 mmHg

45
Q

What happens to a-vO2diff after endurance training?

A

increases because muscles are extracting and using more O2

46
Q

Why do active muscles extract and use more O2 during exercise?

A

increase mito - #, size, and density
increase capillary density
increase myoglobin

47
Q

Acid-Base Balance Mechanisms (fastest vs. slowest, highest and lowest capacity)

A 
Chemical Buffers (fastest, but lowest capacity) = bicarb, phosphate, proteins
Pulmonary Ventilation = removes HCO3- via removal of CO2
Renal Function (slowest, but highest capacity) = filter
48
Q

Hyperventilation and Hypoventilation related to acidity

A 
Hyperventilation = alkalosis 
Hypoventilation = acidosis
49
Q

Regulation of Ventilation: Respiratory Centers; Regulated by Inputs from…

A 
Respiratory Centers: pons, medulla oblongata
Regulated by inputs from:
motor cortex
hypothalamus
central chemoreceptors- H+ only
peripheral chemoreceptors- H+, CO2, O2
mechanoreceptors in jts and mm.
mechanoreceptors in lungs
50
Q

Does oxygen control ventilation?

A

No - only with elevation

51
Q

Does carbon dioxide control ventilation?

A

Yes- linear relationship

52
Q

What is primarily in control of ventilation?

A

pCO2

53
Q

What does hyperventilation do to pCO2?

A

decrease

54
Q

Hyperventilation and Holding Breath

A

Hyperventilation - able to hold breath longer because pCO2 is lower at first
Can cause a problem when diving because oxygen levels decrease rapidly and can reach a “blackout” zone

55
Q

Phases of Exercise Ventilation: Phase I stairstep, Phase II and III

A

Phase I = stairstep increase in min. ventilation during 1st 20 seconds of exercise due to inputs from motor cortex and proprioceptors
Phase II & III = increases in min. ventilation are due to input from central & peripheral chemoreceptors

56
Q

Minute Ventilation vs. Exercise Intensity- VT1 and RCP

A 
VT1 = Ventilatory Threshold: steeper increase in ventilation w/ increase in exercise intensity caused by rise in H+ ions due to accumulation of lactic acid
RCP = Respiratory Compensation Point: ventilation can no longer buffer H+ produced by lactic acid and increases in H+ that result is an extra stimulus for ventilation
57
Q

OBLA

A

onset of blood lactate accumulation - exercise intensity at which 4mM which is “average ceiling” where if exercise intensity goes above then lactate levels go crazy and can’t sustain exercise

58
Q

Maximal Lactate Steady State

A

exercise intensity held w/o lactic acid levels going crazy; “actual ceiling”

59
Q

Determinants/Predictors of Endurance Performance

A
  • VO2max: to some extent (yes when heterogenous population, less when looking at top performers)
  • Economy: volume of O2 consumed at a given velocity, how fast and efficiently you can turn O2 into energy
  • Lactate threshold, OBLA, Maximal Lactate Steady State (MLSS)
60
Q

Energy Cost of Breathing

A 
At rest/light exercise: <3% of energy used
Mod exercise: 3-5%
Max exercise: 8-11%
Max exercise in highly trained: 15%
Severe COPD exercising: 40%
61
Q

Energy Cost of Breathing: COPD and Smoking

A

COPD –> 3x energy needed for breathing at rest, severely limits the exercise capacity of individuals due to less blood flow/O2 available for exercising muscles
Smoking –> R increases –> increased cost of breathing during exercise –> decrease in endurance performance

62
Q

Does Ventilation Limit Aerobic Endurance?

A

Not in individuals who are untrained; only in trained when CO > 40 L/min

63
Q

Exercise-Induced Hypoxia

A

trained individual with CO > 40L/min; decreases pulmonary capillary transit time below 0.3 ms which isn’t enough time for complete O2 diffusion

64
Q

Direct and Indirect Calorimetry

A

quantify the body’s metabolic heat production/how many calories burned

65
Q

Direct Calorimetry

A

directly measures energy expenditure via heat production - accurate and applies to humans, but takes time/expense/expertise

66
Q

Indirect Calorimetry

A

all energy releasing reactions in humans depends on O2 use, so measuring O2 consumption during exercise provides an indirect yet accurate estimate of energy expenditure - simple and inexpensive; 2 types are closed and open circuit spirometry

67
Q

Closed Circuit Spirometry

A
  • directly measures O2, but has limited practical applications
  • subj breathes 100% O2 from closed prefilled spirometer; potassium hydroxide (Soda Lime KOH) used to remove CO2
68
Q

Three Indirect Open Circuit Calorimetry Procedures

A

measure O2 uptake & CO2 production to determine energy expenditure AND pulmonary function

  1. bag technique
  2. portable spirometry (most common)
  3. computerized instrumentation
69
Q

Tidal Volume

A

amount of air moved per breath; increases with exercise

70
Q

Residual Volume

A

air left in lungs after maximal exhalation

71
Q

Frequency and Depth of Breathing During Exercise

A

increase in depth of breathing occurs first; if not enough then rate of breathing increases

72
Q

Doubly Labeled Water Technique

A

safe, effective, and accurate way to estimate energy expenditure; analyze isotope concentration

73
Q

Respiratory Quotient and RER

A 
RQ = CO2 produced / O2 consumed
RQ = ratio of metabolic gas exchange; different macronutrients oxidize different amounts of O2 for energy
RER = respiratory exchange ratio = 0.7-1.0
74
Q

Anabolism and Catabolism

A

Anabolism - synthesis

Catabolism - breakdown

75
Q

Three Factors that Affect Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)

A
  1. Resting metabolic rate - basal and sleeping conditions, and arousal
  2. Thermogenic effect - food consumed
  3. Energy expended - physical activity and recovery
76
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A
  • minimum level of energy to sustain vital functions; awake state
  • reflects body’s total heat production
  • O2 consumption range b/w 160-290 mL/min (0.8-1.43 kcal/min)
77
Q

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

A
  • slightly higher than BMR
  • influenced by body size, fitness, muscle mass, age, hormones, temp
  • females have lower BMR than males
78
Q

Effects of PA on BMR

A

regular PA offsets decreases in BMR and RMR that occur with aging; stay active to keep metabolism up

79
Q

Estimating Resting Daily Energy Expenditure (RDEE)

A

RDEE (kcal/day) = 370 + fat free mass

80
Q

Contribution of Diverse Tissues to Human Metabolism

A

LIVER is #1!

81
Q

Five Factors that Affect TDEE

A
  1. Physical activity - greatest effect!
  2. Diet induced thermogenesis (digestion)
  3. Calorigenic effect of food on exercise metabolism (fat vs carb vs protein)
  4. Climate
  5. Pregnancy (decrease overall economy)
82
Q

MET

A
  • metabolic equivalent where 1 MET = 3.5mL/kg/min or a resting O2 consumption of 250mL/min for men and 200mL/min for women
  • takes into account training intensity for subj scaled to body size
83
Q

MET and HR as Predictors of Energy Expenditure

A

MET - can predict but limiting factor is body size
HR - can predict but limiting factor is fitness level
*also take into account age and gender

84
Q

Specificity vs. Generality of Metabolic Capacity and Exercise Performance (VO2max)

A
  • individual variability
  • specificity principle: high VO2max in one activity doesn’t ensure high VO2max in another
  • VO2max: body’s ability to utilize oxygen efficiently and capacity
85
Q

Neuromuscular Patterning and Metabolic Demands

A
  • *neuromuscular = the interaction between the NS and MS system, how we move!
  • training to achieve high VO2max contributes little to generating energy anaerobically
86
Q

Power

A

P = (FD) / t

performance tests to evaluate the immediate energy system (ATP-PCr)

87
Q

Gold Standard for Testing Short-Term Energy System

A

Wingate Test - supermaximal effort of leg or arm cycle ergometer

88
Q

Three Factors Contributing to Differences in Capacity to Generate Short Term Anaerobic Energy

A
  1. effects of previous training
  2. capacity to buffer acid metabolites
  3. level of motivation
89
Q

Determinants of Endurance Performance/Long-Term Energy System

A
  1. VO2max
  2. capillary density
  3. level of aerobic enzymes
  4. mito size and #
  5. muscle fiber type
90
Q

Factors that Affect Maximal O2 Consumption (6)

A
  1. mode of exercise - treadmill best
  2. heredity - 20-30% contribution
  3. state of training - 5-20% contibution
  4. gender - women less than men
  5. body size and comp - up to 70% contribution
  6. age - declines after 25 yo

Ex. Phys I (4 decks)

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