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Public Communication > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

evaluating generalizations 4 questions

A
  1. was the correct group sampled?
  2. was the data obtained in an effective way?
    - tools, timing, wording of questions
  3. were enough cases considered?
  4. was the sample reasonably structured?
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2
Q

qualitative

A

theoretical situation, interviews

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3
Q

quantitative

A

power analysis, surveys

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4
Q

coincidences

A
  • two or more events occur together by chance
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5
Q

correlations

A
  • two or more events occur together several times

- doesnt necessarily mean the two events cause each other

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6
Q

causes

A
  • when two or more events occur together and the earlier event influences the later one
  • studying effects your grade
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7
Q

erroneous generalization (inductive fallacy)

A
  • generalizing based on too little information

ex. meet one dumb blonde and say all blondes are dumb

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8
Q

playing with numbers (inductive fallacy)

A
  • misapplying statistical tests, exaggerating small numbers

ex. 80% of students on campus drink. they dont tell you they only asked 20 people

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9
Q

false dilemma (inductive fallacy)

A
  • assuming incorrectly that all options are bad options
    ex. if I dont study I will do poorly on the exam. but if I do study I may overdo it and suffer from burnout
  • there are other options
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10
Q

gamblers fallacy (inductive fallacy)

A
  • improperly connecting events that happened due to chance

ex. I flipped a coin 9 times and it was tails every time. what will I get if I flip it again?

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11
Q

false cause (inductive fallacy)

A
  • assuming that if B happens right after A. A causes B.

ex. I aced my math test after I ate Tutors for breakfast. My math test brilliance was caused by eating that biscuitt

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12
Q

slippery slope (inductive fallacy)

A
  • assuming that an event will automatically start a long chain of events
    ex. if you skip one class, you will not be able to catch up with notes and then you will fail the class, and college, and then at life
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13
Q

denying the consequent (deductive reasoning)

A

p1: if A, then B
p2: not B
C: therefore, not A

if yesterday was friday, then today is saturday
but today is not saturday
therefore yesterday could not have been friday

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14
Q

affirming the antecedent (deductive reasoning)

A

p1: if A, then B
p2: A
C: therefore, B

if you go the speed limit then you should get out of Luda’s way
you go the speed limit
therefore, you get out of Luda’s way

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15
Q

applying a generalization (deductive reasoning)

A

p1: every member of F is a member of G
p2: person X is a member of F
C: so, X is a member of G

everyone who plays sports runs the risk of injury
Lucy plays a sport
so, Lucy runs the risk of injury

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16
Q

applying an exception (deductive reasoning)

A

p1: every member of F is a member of G
p2: person X is not a member of G
C: so, X is not a member of F

Every member of the avengers is a superhero
President Gee is not a superhero
So, President Gee is not a member of the avengers

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17
Q

disjunctive syllogism (deductive reasoning)

A

p1: either A or B
p2: Not A
C: therefore B

saturday night I will either stay home or go to the concert
I am not going to stay home
therefore, I am going to the concert

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18
Q

transitivity (deductive reasoning)

A

if X has a relationship to Y and Y has the same relationship to Z, then X has that transitive relationship to Z
if X=Y and Y=Z then X=Z

If melisa is the same age as you and you are the same age as your BFF, then melisa is the same age as your BFF

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19
Q

reflexivity relationship (deductive reasoning)

A

two objects relate to each other in the same way
A=B then B=A

if Jan is married to Roger, then Roger is married to Jan

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20
Q

affirming the consequent (deductive fallacies)

A

if A is true then B is true
B is true
then A must be true

if she rides a bike to school then she will be out of breath
she is out of breath
therefore she rode a bike to school

  • she could have done other things to be out of breath
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21
Q

denying the antecedent (deductive fallacies)

A

if A is true then B is true
A is not true
therefore B is not true

if I am in Morgantown then I am in WV
I am not in Morgantown
therefore I am not in WV

  • you can be in WV and not be in motown
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22
Q

false classification (deductive fallacies)

A

the false assumption that is person X is part of group G then they are automatically a part of subgroup F

person plays for the Redwings
many redwings players are in the hall of fame
therefore person is in the hall of fame

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23
Q

fallacies of division (deductive fallacies)

A
  • occurs when we say what is true of the group is true of all the individuals

people can drink outside of the bars on Burbon street.
you are on Burbon street
therefore you are drinking outside of the bars

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24
Q

fallacies of composition (deductive fallacies)

A
  • occurs when we say what is true of one person in a group is true of every person in the group (stereotype)

If a runner runs faster then she can win the race, therefore if all the runners run faster they can all win the race

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25
Q

inductive reasoning

A
  • bottom up
  • conclusions are probabilistic
  • depends on evidence at hand
  • remains subject to revision/rejection based on new info
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26
Q

deductive reasoning

A
  • top down
  • conclusions are necessarily true
  • depends on meanings of words/rules
  • conclusions are based on valid arguments (must be true if their premises are true
27
Q

central route thinking

A
  • think about decision. pros vs. cons
  • involves processing messages carefully and effortfully
  • produce more thoughts about the message and thoughts are relevant
  • applies critical thinking skills of self regulation
  • focuses on message argument
    ex. picking a college, choosing a career, who you will marry
28
Q

peripheral route thinking

A
  • quick decision making. reaction.
  • assumes that humans are cognitive misers (lazy)
  • involves processing messages superficially and lazily
  • fewer thoughts about the message and thoughts are irrelevant
  • tend to use when situations are familliar and/or immediate reaction is required
  • decisions are rationalized after the fact
29
Q

cognitive heuristics

A

normal human decision making shortcuts that we use to speed up our decisions about what to believe or what to do

30
Q

satisficing (cognitive heuristics)

A

a given option that is good enough so we take it

ex. public speakers include only enough evidence to convince the audience
ex. it is not the best pizza but its available so it will do

31
Q

temporizing (cognitive heuristics)

A
  • a given option is good enough for now
  • saves time, energy, and money, but may not be enough in the future
    ex. right now I will skim the readings, but later I will go back and read them
32
Q

affect (cognitive heuristics)

A
  • based on initial reaction or response
  • go with your gut
    advantage: easy to come to a decision
    disadvantage: not always right
33
Q

simulation (cognitive heuristics)

A
  • estimating the likelihood of a given outcome
    ex. predicting how someone will react
    advantage: increases our confidence
    disadvantage: estimations can be wrong
34
Q

availability (cognitive heuristics)

A
  • based on vivid memory of past experience
    advantage: powerful, easier to recall something
    disadvantage: recall may not be accurate
35
Q

association (cognitive heuristics)

A

connecting ideas on the basis of word association and memories, meanings, or impressions

36
Q

stereotyping (cognitive heuristics)

A

snap judgments about a group based on limited instance

37
Q

Us versus them (cognitive heuristics)

A

reducing decisions to two options and then rejecting the oppositions choice
ex. democrat vs. republican

38
Q

power differential (cognitive heuristics)

A

accepting a position, belief, or solution, because it is proposed by a higher authority
ex. mom- “because I said so”

39
Q

anchoring with adjustment (cognitive heuristics)

A

picking an initial standpoint on an issue (anchor) relative to new evidence to form a final standpoint

  • changing your mind based on new information
    ex. you want pizza but you hear chick-fil-a is having a sale so you get chick-fil-a
40
Q

illusion of control (cognitive heuristics)

A

overestimating the control we have over situations

ex. I dont have to leave early. - but what if there is traffic or the prt breaks down

41
Q

optimistic bias (cognitive heuristics)

A

underestimating our risk of experiencing a negative event

ex. I can turn it in late, my teacher will accept late grades. - what if they dont

42
Q

eliminating by aspect (cognitive heuristics)

A

eliminating an option from consideration based on the lack of one desirable feature

43
Q

loss and risk aversion (cognitive heuristics)

A

avoiding risk and loss by maintaining the status quo

44
Q

advantages of two route thinking

A
  • either route can override the other

- the pull between the 2 systems reduces the chances of making poor or dangerous judgments

45
Q

ELM and creating a message questions (5)

A
  1. is the target audience likely to process centrally or peripherally?
    - is it a new experience?
    - do they have the motivation/ ability to process?
    - what frames/ heuristic thoughts might they have?
  2. can you test it on a different group before you deliver it?
  3. do you need the attitude change to stick or can it be temporary
  4. should your message contain more cues or more arguments?
  5. create arguments from your audiences point-of-view
46
Q

ELM and listening questions (5)

A
  1. am I motivated and able to understand this message?
  2. what is my existing point of view on this topic?
  3. what arguments (reasoning and evidence) is the source providing?
  4. what cues might sway me - even unknowingly?
  5. what other factors about me might affect my decision about this topic or proposition?
47
Q

McCroskey

A

the most pervasive problem approached in most discussions of ethics is whether we should judge things on the basis of the ends achieved or upon the basis of the means used to achieve those ends

48
Q

ethical communication

A

communication that is truthful, accurate, and honest

49
Q

intent

A 
unconscious = no judgment 
conscious = judge as either unethical or ethical
  • use speakers intent towards audience
  • not the effect of the message
  • not their means of persuasion
50
Q

coersion

A

using force or punishment to get something you desire

- not always ethical

51
Q

persuasion

A

ethically neutral

52
Q

amoral view

A
  • rhetorical communication has no ethical value itself
  • everyone should be allowed to speak, and be trained in rhetorical communication
  • free speech and the constitution
53
Q

moral view

A
  • rhetorical communication does have ethical value

- only good people should be allowed to speak or be fully trained in rhetorical communication

54
Q

free speech

A
  • amoral view of communication
  • basic idea: if everyone was trained to the fullest and expresses their ideas in the best way possible then the correct choice will be made
  • however, this requires the belief that everyone is rational/ willing/ able to do so
55
Q

totalitarian ethics

A

moral ethic, restricts communication often by coersion

56
Q

democratic ethics

A

amoral ethic, systematically encourages free speech

57
Q

censorship

A

all societies restrict free speech but sometimes in different ways. totalitarian restrict with laws and force while democrats restrict with social pressure

58
Q

advocate system

A
  • having someone speak for you

- need full training, ethical that they try their best

59
Q

ghostwriting

A

skilled communicator that creates messages for another source to present

60
Q

to speak

A

ethical obligation - whenever you believe in something you have an obligation to say it
obstacle to ethical obligation - most of us fail to do this whether due to fear, social pressure, etc.

61
Q

to speak well

A

ethical obligation - use all of our power to persuade, see that truth and justice win out
obstacle to ethical obligation - many are not trained in rhetorical communication (and think of all the fallacies we are at risk of)

62
Q

not to speak

A

ethical obligation - do not speak when we are not sure what is right or true
obstacle to ethical obligation - sometimes it is difficult not to say something

63
Q

to listen

A

ethical obligation - listen and learn from others

obstacle to ethical obligation - need to take in both sides, self-regualte, keep an open mind

64
Q

social desirability bias

A
  • giving someone an answer base on what you think they want to hear
    ex. lying to doctors (no, I dont drink/smoke)

Public Communication (3 decks)

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