Exam 3 Flashcards
President Martin Van Buren
Selected by Jackson as his successor
Economic Panic of 1837
1840 election
Martin Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison
ran under the slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”
Tyler- VP
William Henry Harrison was in command at the battle of Tippecanoe, portrayed as a hero
1840
The Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign
William Henry Harrison wins the election
win for Whigs
80% voter turnout
Changes in…
production, technology, transportation
Population growth
1800: 5million
1850: 24 million- fueled by immigration
Increasing urbanization
immigrants pushed by civil/political unrest, unemployment, hardship… come to America hoping to live the American dream
lured by cheap passage and new opportunities
1820-1870 approx. 7.5 million immigrants
(1/3) from Ireland due to potato famine
(1/3) from Germany
Nativism- 1840s-1850s
favors native population over the immigrant population
Education: Horace Mann
called the father of education
crucial to democracy- social efficiency, civic virtue and character
more “free” public schools especially in the North with tax support
women’s role to become teachers
actively campaigned for education (Mann)
“normal schools for training teachers”
before this all students were in one classroom with one teacher
Mann introduced the idea of grade levels
Religion
Transcendentalism- nature and solitude- belief in a realm beyond the natural world
Ralph Waldo Emerson: communication with God as an eyeball, solitude
Henry Thoreau: philosopher, poet, abolitionist
Margaret Fuller: journalist womens rights advocate
all were very educated people that believed you had to be with nature
2nd Great Awakening
revivals, mass communication
advocated that everyone had free will and equality
Middle class virtue- behavior
Burned over district- located in NY, coined by Finney, heavily evangelized, no fuel left
strong work ethic
frugality
temperance
Queen Victoria 1837-1901 (Victorian Era)
dominated middle class values husband had dominance
Women- middle class theory
cult of domesticity
home a “haven in a heartless world”
Rule of Thumb, State vs. A.B. Rhodes
Rule of Thumb, state vs. A.B Rhodes
case passed by SC court of Carolina
assault and battery
1869 husband indicted for assault and battery
ruled that it was legal to whip wife as long as the switch was not bigger than the thumb
“moderate correction”
Women conflicting female views: true womanhood
Catherine Beecher Stowe- Harriet Beecher
women as “angels in the home”
Seneca Falls Convention, 1848
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott women and men are equal The declaration of sentiments: 1. suffrage 2. legal rights 3. equal education
Temperance
to stop manufacture and drinking of alcohol
traditional use- owner passed it to his apprentices
immigration and nativism
production changes- sobriety
men were seen as the problem “drinking their wages”
Temperance continued
American Temperance Union- 1834- operates @ state level
total abstinence
employers would ask employees to sign the pledge to avoid drunks operating machinery
women, middle class, early industrialists
alcohol consumption drops
Utopianism
“a city on a hill”
Mother Ann and the Shakers
goal was to create the perfect society community property was held in common under strict management from a group of elders believed that God was genderless believed in celibacy
Sylvester Graham- diet
supports temperance
believes that diet affects the well being and behavior
believes that Americans should not eat meat or white bread
they should only eat grain, vegetables, no alcohol, coffee
3 meals a day- 6 hours apart
had to wear loose fitting clothes
believed eating healthy would lead to a better person
diet cures alcoholism and restrain sexual urges
organized British vegetarian society
suffered from nervous exhaustion, dies @ 57
The Oneida Perfectionist Community
John Humphrey Noyes
experienced conversion in 2nd great Awakening
dissatisfied with evangelicalism
believed it was necessary to replicate heaven on earth
community based on descriptions of heaven
community believed in work and community
both men and women
free love- complex marriage
every men was married to every woman
stirpiculture- eugenics: partnering top make superior children
silverware
community ended in 1881
Abolition
most controversial reform movement 1833- American Anti Slavery society 1840- 1,500 local northern societies argument based on moral grounds leaders- Frederick Douglas and William Lloyd Garrison- immediate emancipation The Liberator
Angelina and Sarah Grimke
grew up in SC
disapproved of slavery, spoke out against slavery, also exclusion of women from public life
clergy upset at them
19th Century slavery in the US
Growth of slavery
westward expansion, arable land for cotton
technological advancements
superior strains of cotton- increased production
“black belt of cotton”
60% of exports from the US
An Institutional Perspective
Who owned slaves- 1860 30% of southern white farmers of slaveowners... 1/2 own 5 or fewer 11% own 20 or more less than 1% own 100 or more south's peculiar institution diffusion over a wide area to maintain social order slave owners disproportionate share of wealth and power slave ownership equated with success
Slavery
Social Darwinism “Survival of the Fittest”- whites superior than African Americans and other races
Comparison with work in Northern Factories- George Fitzhugh- 1850 argues that slaves were better off (guaranteed home, food, clothes, no competition for work, no fear of future)
slavery was justified through Biblical references- Ephesians 6:15
slave owners disproportionate share of wealth and power
The Laws of Slavery: TX (1860)
criminal code- 2 types of punishment- moderate whipping and hanging( murder of a white person, insurrection, rape or robbery of white person)
- right of master to inflict appropriate punishment
moderate whipping ( slave on premises at night, use of turbulent conduct, drunk or causing a disturbance, guilty of rude or guilty conduct in the presence of a white female
aiding or inciting a slave rebellion ( anglo) 10 years- life
for encouraging a slave to leave his master 5-15 years imprisonment
Slaves protected under the law for excessive punishment
William Wilson kills one of his slaves by whipping cruel and unusual punishment murder escapes murder charge found guilty of cruel and unusual punishment fined 2000 the more slaves you had, the more wealthier you were
Effects of slavery on Whites
Benevolent paternalism- slave owners felt that they were benevolent and nice
managing slaves by manager or overseer
fear
punishment
Telemanque aka Denmark Vesey
1822 Charleston- African American Insurrection
won lottery and bought himself as a freeman
was a carpenter
slave told master of planned insurrection
insurrection was because the whites wanted to suppress the black church
Telemanque wanted to use his position to gather several slaves approx. 9,000
After trial Vesey and 36 others were hanged
shows hysteria and fear of a slave rebellion
The Amistad case
1839, capture of 53,illegally purchases Sierra Leone Africans
Amistad( friendship) slave ship
Sengbe Pieh ( Joseph Cinque)
Amistad captured by US navy Vessel
captured Africans put in jail
trial ruled slave trade legal in Cuba but importation of slaves was not
SC ruled Africans were victims of kidnapping and had the right to escape
arriving Africans should be returned to S. Leone, arrived in 1842
The Ghosts of Amistad: In the Footsteps of the Rebels
Movie Guide
Impact of mutiny and repatriation to Sierra Leone- collective memory
Interview elders about local memory (oral testimony was also an issue)- challenges? (had to understand complexity and they also may just try to please them and let them know what they wanted to hear
Mande- warrior values
Poro- secret society- devoted to settling local disputes
Lomboko- a place on the coast; slave trading factory, where the slave trading began
