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History With Bian > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural and religious traditions: European civilization

A

European renaissance,protestant reformation, scientific revolution, and enlightenment 1300-1750 C.E

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2
Q

European Renaissance 1300-1500

A

Origins in Italy

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3
Q

why did the renaissance begin in Italy?

A

1) This region has never fully embraced medieval European customs esp. feudalism
2) Many Italian city states had extensive trade and cultural contacts with other parts of the Mediterranean region, which helped Italian scholars gain a new appreciation of Greek and Latin Literature

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4
Q

Revival of primary tradition

A

Renaissance period-> immediate medieval period-> classical Greek period
* artists and humanists skipped middle stage
Middle age=dark age

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5
Q

middle age

A

dark age

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6
Q

artistic renaissance: the case of Michelangelo (the greatest artist)

A
  • was born to a middle class family in florance italy
  • came under the protection of Lorenzo the Magnificent
  • Cathedral of florence, created the statue of david in 1504 for the cathedral
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7
Q

cathedral of Florence

A

1296-1436

Michelangelo created the statue of david of the cathedral

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8
Q

Aphrodite

A

The goddess of love, beauty,and fertility. Best known work of sculpture dating from the Hellenistic Age (323-50 bc)

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9
Q

Intellectual renaissance: the case of humanists

A

an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters.

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10
Q

Petrarch

A
  • is known as the FATHER OF RENAISSANCE HUMANISM (1304-1374)

- Petrarch was the first one to characterize the middle ages as one of darkness

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11
Q

philosophy

A

literary study and analysis of classical scholarship. the term originally meant a love of learning and literature.

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12
Q

Lorenzo Valla

A
  • was a humanists,a philosopher, and a scholar of philosophy
  • grew up in Rome, worked for the king in Naples
  • Proved the donation of Constantine was a forgery
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13
Q

what is the donation of constantine

A

king got into a dispute with the papacy, the pope asserted that he had the right to hold the recognition of the king, supposedly given in the donation of Constantine

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14
Q

how did Lorenzo Valla prove the donation of Constantine was a forgery

A

By applying historical and philosophical critiques to the text of the Donation of Constantine, Lorenzo reveled that the document could not have been written earlier than the 8th century for words used in the donation of Constantine, such as fief and satrap, had not existed in roman times

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15
Q

The renaissance marked the…

A
  • revival of Europe’s primary intellectual tradition, hence suggesting change within existing tradition
  • primary intellectual tradition that emphasizes secular concerns and human rationality and ability
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16
Q

Martin Luther

A
  • born in Germany in 1483
  • his father wanted him to be a lawyer
  • received his masters at old gate university in erfurt
  • Luther had a strong religious inclination, did not want to be a lawyer
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17
Q

what gave Martin Luther his opportunity to follow his religious inclination

A

Nature

-in 1505 luther was spared by a thunderstorm, so he followed his dreams

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18
Q

The university of Wittenburg founded in 1502

A
  • Luther studied theology and received his PhD and became a doctor of philosophy
  • Luther joined the faculty at the university and taught the bible
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19
Q

what question was the protestant reformation based around?

A

what must one do to achieve salvation?

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20
Q

In order to be saved one must

A

1) have faith

2) had to do good works: church doctrine for salvation

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21
Q

through the letter of Paul of Tarsus martin luther…

A

found another path for salvation

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22
Q

Letter of Paul to the Romans:

A

“If I have complete confidence in the gospel; it is god’s power to save all who believe, first the Jews and also the gentiles. For the gospel reveals how god puts people right with himself: it is through FAITH from beginning to end”

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23
Q

New doctrine of protestant reformation developed by Martin Luther

A

Salvation or justification by grace through faith alone

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24
Q

The two pillars of protestant reformation:

A

a) Justification by faith alone

b) the bible

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25
Q

indulgence

A

In roman catholic theology, an INDULGENCE is the remission of punishment because a sin already committed has been forgiven; the indulgence is granted by the church when the sinner confesses and received absolution. When an indulgence is given, the church is extending merit to a sinner from its treasure house of Merit. These merits can be bought and sold

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26
Q

what was Luther’s reaction to indulgences

A

Luther was disturbed by people relying on indulgences for salvation, so he nailed his 95 propositions to the doors of Whittenburg castle in 1517

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27
Q

what did Luther advocate

A

1) closure of monasteries as faith alone was needed for salvation
2) translation of the bible from Latin into vernacular (everyday) language
3) an end to priestly authority for the bible was the only source of christian religious authority

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28
Q

Henry VII 1491-1547

A
  • severed relations between England and the roman catholic church- created the church of England (Protestant doctrine and practices)
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29
Q

Germany and England converted to Protestantism but the most important protestant reformation was happening in

A

France

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30
Q

John Calvin 1509-1564

A
  • born in France
  • converted to Protestantism
  • had to flee to Switzerland after one of his friends were burned at the stake
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31
Q

John Calvin created a new doctrine of Protestantism. The institutes of the christian religion 1536 (absolute sovereignty of god)

A
  • A masterfully synthesis of protestant thought,a manual for church organization and a work that secured his reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestantism
  • put emphasis on the sovereignty of god
  • the power, the grace, and the glory of god
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32
Q

Predestination

A

refers to the doctrine that god has foreordained all thins, especially that god has elected certain souls to eternal salvation.

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33
Q

god has preordained/ predestined some people to be saved

A

the ELECT and others to be damned the REPROBATE

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34
Q

Calvin’s predestination

A

“He has once for all determined both whom he would admit to salvation and who he would condemn to destruction”

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35
Q

Calvin’s test to assure salvation

A

1) an open profession of faith
2) a “decent and godly life”
3) participation in the sacraments of baptism and communion

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36
Q

Geneva switzerland

A

where Calvin organized the church

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37
Q

Geneva church structure under Calvin

A

Pastors- Preaching the word to the congregation
doctors- studied and wrote
deacons- lay men who were chosen to oversee institutions of social welfare and services
elders- governors in charge of all moral matters

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38
Q

primary intellectual tradition of European civilization

A
  • scholasticism, European renaissance, the scientific revolution, the enlightenment
  • all of the following are related to the recovery, revival, and growth of the primary intellectual tradition of the European civilization *** except for the protestant reformation*******
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39
Q

until the 17th century European scholars had based their understanding of the universe on the work of Greek scholar

A

Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria

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40
Q

Ptolemy envisioned what

A

a motionless earth surrounded by none concentric spheres

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41
Q

geocentric model

A

earth is in the center of the universe (Ptolemy)

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42
Q

Aristotle’s geocentric conception

A

earth in the middle, moon, mercury, Venus, sun, mars, Jupiter, Saturn, fixed stars

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43
Q

who was the pioneer of the scientific revolution

A

polish monk and mathematician Nicholas Copernicus

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44
Q

Copernicus came up with a mathematically simpler solution by switching the position of

A

the sun and earth

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45
Q

Copernicus’s model with the sun at the center is a

A

Heliocentric model

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46
Q

How did the roman catholic church respond to his discovery

A

the church condemned Copernicus’s theory in 1616. Later the church also condemned Galileo for supporting Copernicus’s findings

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47
Q

what is the title of Copernicus’s book

A

The evolution of the heavenly spheres

- was banned in 1822 by the church

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48
Q

the work began by Copernicus was carried to completion by the English scientist

A

Issac Newton

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49
Q

Newton’s book is called

A

mathematical principals of natural philosophy

-newton argued that the law of universal gravitation regulates the motions of bodies in the universe

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50
Q

who is an example of the attempt of enlightenment thinkers to rationally analyze human society

A

John Locke

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51
Q

what did John Locke believe

A

he believed that humans lived in a state of equality and freedom. additionally in this state of nature, humans had certain inalienable natural rights to LIFE, LIBERTY AND PROPERTY.

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52
Q

what did John Locke create

A

a social contract- created social obligations to protect rights

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53
Q

according to locke the people might overthrow the existing government and form

A

a new government

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54
Q

Locke’s theory of social contract embodied the attempt of enlightenment thinkers to subject human society to

A

rational and critical analysis

55
Q

consequences of enlightenment

A

1) It led to the development of modern political movements, from liberalism to socialism
2) in emphasizing secular rather than religious thinking, it outlined a RATIONALISTIC approach that continues to characterize western intellectual arsenal
3) By extending and translating the results of the scientific revolution, it established the basic frame work for modern western intellectual life

56
Q

William the conqueror

A

invaded England and established a new kingdom

-Norman knights battled with anglo-saxons

57
Q

the invasion of England by William the conqueror marked the beginning

A

of late medieval england

58
Q

king henry II

A

attempted to bring about administrative centralization

-established king;s courts in England, king Henry granted magistrate to make legal decisions on the king’s behalf

59
Q

The reign of King Henry saw what

A

the production of the first written legal textbook in the history of England, a document that provided the basis of today’s common law
-caused an uprising of Nobles during his son’s reign, king john

60
Q

common law

A

the system of laws originated and developed in England and based on court decisions, on the doctrines implicit in those decisions, and on customs and usages rather than on codified written law

61
Q

King John

A

English nobles rose to rebellion against him during his reign (1199-1216)

62
Q

The nobles brought complaints against the king

A

King john was forced to sign the Magna Carta or the great charter in 1215

63
Q

the magna carta stated that the king should observe

A

“the law of the land” and that the king could not proceed against anyone without following due process of the common law. If the king wished to do something beyond the prevailing law of the land, he could only do so only with the consent of the community organized nobles

64
Q

The magna Carta was a

A

feudal document

65
Q

the magna carta created

A

a restricted monarch

66
Q

due process

A

an established course for judicial proceedings or other governmental activities designed to safeguard the legal rights of the individual

67
Q

in 1264 King Henry III attempted to resume control over royal administration, but was defeated in an

A

open battle by the nobles

68
Q

modern civil rights and liberties first appeared as feudal rights that the nobility obtained from the monarch.

A

In other words, modern civil rights and liberties resulted from the conflict between monarch and nobility.

69
Q

in 1265, noble leaders summoned representatives of the nobles for a meeting of the

A

Great council of england

70
Q

lay and ecclesiastical magnates

A

powerful and influential persons

71
Q

noble represenatives

A

new members

72
Q

modern British parliament as a key representative institution originated in joint assembly of the

A

nobles and magnates during the 13th century

-parliament meet before king Edward in 1327

73
Q

the election of Hugh Capet as king in 978 marked the establishment of the

A

Capetian dynasty

74
Q

during the early 14th century the king of France was Philip the Fair

A

(1282-1314)

-Overstepped the nobles by Representative general

75
Q

the three estates of France

A

clergy, nobility, townspeople

76
Q

Philip the Fair was taking counsel from the estates general.

A

he became the FIRST MONARCH TO CONSULT SYSTEMATICALLY WITH REPRESENTATIVE BODIES IN FRENCH HISTORY(1302)

77
Q

convocation of estates general in Paris in 1789

A

was the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General, a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the common people (Third Estate).

78
Q

The Hundred Years’ war

A

1337-1453

79
Q

The Hundred Years’ war causes and outcome

A

Issues with dynastic succession and desire for territory and resources caused the Hundred Years’ war

80
Q

territorial changes 1337-1377

A

expansion of English territory in france, by 1429 much of france was under english occupation

81
Q

Joan Of Arc

A
  • came to believe that her favorite saint had commanded her to free france,1428
  • went to see the dauphin Charles in 1429, who was the heir to the throne
  • fought along side the frech
82
Q

Outcome of Joan Of Arc

A
  • Inspired by the faith of Joan, french armies liberated orelands, war did not end till 1453
  • she was found guilty of witchcraft- Power/ practices of witches: and was burned at the stake in 1431
83
Q

What new development of weaponry was introduced during the Hundred Years’ war

A

The canon

84
Q

Territory changes 1429-1453

A

was under english control, by 1453 france was totally under french control

85
Q

consequences of The Hundred Years’ war

A

1) It led to the establishment of a regular system of taxation in both england and france
2) it strengthened existing tendencies in state-building in both england and france
* france won*

86
Q

nation-state

A

it refers to a territorial association that claims supremacy over all other associations within its boundaries.It’s characterized by its independent power to compel obedience from the populations within its territories

87
Q

characteristics of a nation state

A

1) independent power

2) coercive power (coerce=compel)

88
Q

The formation of modern European nation states: four basic steps

A

1) National unification and independence
2) the development and differentiation of institutions
3) the transfer of power from traditional elites to royal government= administrative centralization
4) the use of state power in guiding and controlling social and economic activity

89
Q

sixteenth century crisis: war of religion in France

A

Catholics vs Huguenots

90
Q

Calvinism,is Huguenots in France, came from all levels of society

A

40-50% of the french nobility became Huguenots. Huguenots constituted 7% of the total population

91
Q

both Catholics and Huguenots became extremely hostile and volatile toward each other

A
  • they ended up in prison and tortured for faith

- St. Bartholomew massacre in Paris in 1572 8,000 huguenots were murdered

92
Q

Henry of Navarre and La belle Fosseuse (1589-1610)

A
  • became king of france in 1594
  • was a Huguenot
  • converted to Catholicism
93
Q

the edict of Nantes 1598

A

The edict of Nantes acknowledged Catholicism as France’s official religion, but it also guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship and enjoy political privileges.

94
Q

seventeenth century crisis: the thirty years’ war 1618-1648

A
  • catholic forces were led by the holy roman emperors from the Hapsburg Family
  • protestant forces were led by nobles of Bohemia, which is a historical region of the czech republic
  • *LAST RELIGIOUS WAR
95
Q

Phalanx

A

refers to the formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long pikes. The phalanx was developed by Philip II of Macedonia during the 4th century bc

96
Q

muskets and musketeers: Battle of Lutter-am-Bamberg 1626

A

introduction of muskets during the thirty years war 1618-48 (Battle of Jankow 1645)

97
Q

consequences of the thirty years’ war

A

1) according to the peace of Westphalia, all German states including Calvinist states were free to determine their own religion
2) The peace of Westphalia marked the formation of a European system of states defined by the formal treaties-a treaty system

98
Q

There were more than 300 states

A

The treaty of Westphalia recognized them as independent

-war demanded more efficient and organized states

99
Q

Monarch response to 17th century crisis

A

The formation of French absolutism

100
Q

Absolutist monarchy

A

Sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king or queen who claimed to rule by DIVINE right

101
Q

Chief Minister Cardinal Richelieu

A
  • chief minister of France during the 17th century

- security of France depended on increasing manistical power

102
Q

Richelieu saw three threats to the stste

A

1) Huguenots
2) The nobles
3) The provincial governors

103
Q

Intendants

A

centrally appointed officials with extensive powers. There were 120-150 intendants. They were sent to provinces to ensure that taxes were fairly levied and promptly collected. They served as the principal instrument for administrative centralization

104
Q

Richelieu’s contribution

A

his contribution lies in the fact that he initiated policies that eventually strengthened monarchical power.

105
Q

who was the successor of Cardinal Richelieu

A

Cardinal Mazarin 1643-61

106
Q

Cardinal Mazarin

A
  • noble revolt (fronde) during 1648-52
  • apposed to administrative centralization , attempt to prevent it, happen during his 10 year
  • Cardinal Mazarin died in 1661, louis the 14th took supreme power
107
Q

Louis XIV 1643-1715

A

despite Louis’s determination and ambitions, he succeeded primarily in establishing control and authority in policy- making progress within the central government

108
Q

France under Louis

A

Versailles royal court built by louis the 14th

109
Q

functions of royal court of versailles

A

1) the king’s personal household
2) the location of central government machinery
3) the place where powerful subjects came to find favors and office

110
Q

Princes of the blood were a threat to Louis reign, so he removed them

A

Louis eliminated the threat that came from the high nobles and princes of the blood by removing them from royal council, which was the king’s chief administrative body
-Louis’s rule is an example of absolute monarchy

111
Q

Nobility response to administrative centralization

A

The establishment of constitutional monarchy in england

112
Q

King Henry 8th is the reason why england went protestant

A

Under queen Elizabeth 1st 1558-1603 england returned to Protestantism
-elizabeth was succeeded by James 1

113
Q

James I 1603-25: conflict with James and parlimnt

A
  • political conflict over the source and extent of royal power- divine rights of kings vs parliament as equal partner of the king
  • religious conflict over doctrines and practices revolving around the church of England- the kings defense of the church alienated puritans
114
Q

Puritans

A

The puritans wanted to PURIFY the church of England from the remnants of the roman catholic popery (referring to the doctrines,practices, and rituals of the roman catholic church)

115
Q

political conflict reached a critical point during the reign of king charles I 1625-49

A

He also believed in the divine right of the king

116
Q

the petition of rights 1628 prohibited:

A

1) taxation without parliament’s consent
2) arbitrary imprisonment
3) the quartering of soldiers in private houses
4) the declaration of martial law in peace time

117
Q

At the same time religious conflict added to the hostility between king charles and parliament

A
  • try to convert puritans to his policy, so they let england

- Left to go to “new england” or america

118
Q

the english civil war 1642-1645

A

King vs Parliament

  • kings forces were defeated
  • oliver cromwell created a new model of army” new army” orparlimentary forces
119
Q

King charles and his wife were executed in 1649

A

england resulted in a military dictatorship under the direction of cromwell once charles died
-cromwell died in 1653

120
Q

major political and religious changes by 1660

A

1) parliament had become a permanent part of civil government
2) royal power over taxation and religion had been reduced
3) england had to become a reformed protestant state

121
Q

James II came to the throne in 1685

A

After james II dies Mary Stuart and william of orange became king and queen

122
Q

Mary Stuart and william of orange

A

1650-1702
No bloodshed-“glorious revolution”
-the declaration of rights presented to will and mary in 1689

123
Q

The declaration of rights 1689

A

It reasserted the fundamental principals of CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY as they had developed over the previous half century. Specifically, it affirmed the right of parliament, not king, to make laws and levy taxes. It helped fasion a system of government based on the rule of law and freely elected parliament., thus the foundation for a constitutional monarchy
negated to mention religious conflict

124
Q

The toleration act 1689

A

it granted puritan dissenters the right of free public worship. Although the toleration act did not mean complete religious freedom and equality, it marked an important departure in englsih history, for few people would never again be persecuted for religious reasons

125
Q

Themes of european civilization

A

1) primary tradition- decentralization and pluralism
2) primary intellectual tradition- ration approach to human logic
3) primary economic- market based

126
Q

synthesis of primary tradition

A
  • scholasticism: intellectual and spiritual combined

- nomadic tradition: Vikings, Magyars, muslims

127
Q

The dawn of chinese civilization

A

5000,1122bc

128
Q

geographical and ecological environemnt

A
  • main features: Himalayas, Tianshan Mt., Gobi desert, yellow river, long (Yangzi) river
  • people live in the east
  • The yellow river is a constant threat because of flooding
129
Q

comparison between us and china

A

size: US: 3,623,420sm /China: 3,691,000 sm
arable land: US 23%/ China 12%
population: US 300 million/ China 1.3 billion

130
Q

resource endowments and the basic orientation of Chinese civilization

A

Generalizations:
1) agricultural civilization
Key Point: economic exchange did develop: the Chinese civilization is an agricultural not market exchange economy

131
Q

What did the flooding of the yellow river lead to

A

The necessity for dams and irrigation and centralized government bureaucracy

132
Q

according to one study:

A

there was a drought/flood induced famine in at least one providence almost every year from 108 bc to 1911 ce

133
Q

Bureaucracy

A

refers to administrative centralization of government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with non elected or appointed officials. More broadly it refers to a type of human society characterized by the existence of such a bureaucracy

134
Q

The Tennessee valley authority and the three gorges dam

A

president Roosevelt signed

-the three gorges dam was the largest dam building project in human history

History With Bian (5 decks)

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