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Anthropology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Subsistence pattern

A

The ways society makes a living from its environment

Humans have 5

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2
Q

Social organization

A

Patterns of behavior created by a group of people to fulfill their needs

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3
Q

Resistance

A

The ability of a society to withstand an environment crisis

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4
Q

Resilience

A

The ability of a society to rebuild or rebound after an environmental crisis

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5
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The max population that can be supported with a given subsistence pattern

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6
Q

Lactational amenorrhea

A

Producing breast milk

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7
Q

3 reasons for the increase of life expectancy in industrial nations

A

Safer food supply
Antibiotics
Immunization (penicillin)

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8
Q

3 ways to increase your longevity

A

Healthy eating
Exercise (walk)
Sleep 6+ hours

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9
Q

World system is:

A
  • Interconnected global economy

- There is no comprehensive political system

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10
Q

Why did Europeans start exploring the world & developing international trade routes?

A

More about making money

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11
Q

Colonialism

A

Increased population
Lost traditional knowledge
Encouraged to have children
Taxation

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12
Q

Reasons for colonialism development

A

Keep enemy from taking over so US would take over small countries

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13
Q

Why population increased under colonialism?

A
  • People who were conquered were encouraged to have children for more slave labor
  • Kids provided social security for older relatives
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14
Q

Why did colonialism end after WWII?

A
  • too expensive to maintain
  • political polarity
  • political awareness
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15
Q

Neocolonialism

A

A more efficient and affordable way to keep up with the colonies

Military aid (help keep their military)

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16
Q

Power elites

A

Used by Wright Mills to describe a small loosely knit group of people who tend to dominate American policy making

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17
Q

Global credit system

A

World Bank, IMF, USAID

Mortgages: Balloon mortgage: low payment for 5 years and then you pay the rest of the money

18
Q

When did Europeans/Americans start intervening militarily in Middle East

A

Late 1960s
US support Israel
US trains the Taliban

19
Q

When did US involvement start?

A

1960s/70s

US basically wanted to protect oil

20
Q

When did ISIS form?

A

2004

21
Q

What conflict was occurring when ISIS formed?

A

Civil War in Syria

22
Q

Current public opinion of US by middle eastern people

A
  • Extremely negative

- US is heavily involved and attacks Iraq which is when public opinion really begins to turn

23
Q

Culture:

A

Learned behavior

24
Q

Subculture:

A

A regional, social, or ethnic group that is distinguishable from others in a society

Members share a common identity, food, dialect, language and other traits

Mexican Americans

25
Q

Cultural universals

A

Learned behavior patterns that are shared by all of humanity collectively

26
Q

Characteristics of culture

A

Adaptive mechanism
Learned
Changes
People usually are not aware of their culture
People don’t know all of their culture
Gives us a range of permissible behaviors
No longer exist in isolation

27
Q

What is foraging?

A

Same as hunter/gatherer

28
Q

Forms of foraging

A

Pedestrian
-most common, valleys & hills, mobile

Equestrian
-kills big mammals, certain animals to hunt, larger communities, Great Plains

Aquatic
-kills fish, northwest coast of North America

29
Q

Pastoralism

A

People make their living by tending herds of large animals

30
Q

Pastoral nomad

A

A seasonal migratory pattern that can vary year to year

No permanent home

Where they go is where the herd goes

31
Q

Transhumance pastoralism

A

Cyclical pattern of migrations that takes them to cool highlands in summer and warm lowland valley in the winter

32
Q

Slash and burn

A

Cut trees and brush, let to dry, then burn them.

Ash acts as a fertilizer

33
Q

Comparison

A
  • People move
  • Intensive agriculture fucks the environment
  • egalitarian political system
  • agricultural societies have hierarchy leaders and bureaucrats
  • less economic inequality in industrial societies
  • less focus on making food
  • more parasitic diseases
  • cities mess up local climate
  • less peaceful more warlike
34
Q

Political organizations

A

Bands=hunter gatherers

Tribes/chiefdom=horticulture and pastoralism

State=agricultural and industrialism

35
Q

Characteristics of bands

A

Decisions
-women are equal

Leadership
-best hunters, best memories, gifted speakers

Conflict
-small communities=everyone’s involved

36
Q

Characteristics of tribes

A

Decisions
-men are more important

Leadership
-headmen but limited power

Conflict

  • no one is superior
  • all families alike except headmen families
37
Q

Pantribal association or sodalities

A

New integrative mechanism

Groups that cross cut the society by bringing limited number of people, groups of elder men or women who are members of the same age set

38
Q

Characteristics of chiefdom

A

Decision
-higher standard of living than ordinary people

Leadership
-less permanent full time leader w/real authority to make major decisions

Conflict
-more effective in warfare

39
Q

Characteristics of states

A

Decisions
-warfare became more frequent and larger in scale

Leadership
-pyramid system

Conflict
-there were a few rich politically powerful people

40
Q

Why did we give up bands?

A

Popular increased and food supply decreased so we’re not able to feed everyone

41
Q

Why do we have states?

A

Voluntaristic theory

  • people made up the economy
  • they were no longer equal
  • Gordon Childe

Hydraulic theory

  • Karl Wittfogel & Julian Steward
  • construct and manage large scale
  • extensive irrigation needs leadership

Coercive theory

  • Robert Carneiro
  • mobilizing armies to conquer
  • creates oversee armies

Multicause explanation

  • Robert Adam
  • all 3 are part

Anthropology (2 decks)

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