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philosophy > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Polytheism

A

many gods

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2
Q

Characteristics of God

A

one, supernatural, creator, eternal, personal, perfect, omniscient, benevolent

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3
Q

Monotheism

A

only one God - transcendent (imminent)

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4
Q

Pantheism

A

all, God is identical with world he created

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5
Q

Panentheism

A

God exists in his creation but simultaneously exists beyond his creation - transcendent

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6
Q

Deism

A

God exists with all the characteristics but does not participate

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7
Q

Agnosticism

A
  • without knowledge

- where you don’t know if there is a god

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8
Q

Psychological Agnosticism

A

uncertain that God exists, but you may have evidence if he exists or doesn’t

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9
Q

Logical Agnosticism

A

nobody can ever have knowledge of God existing or not

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10
Q

Atheism

A
  • without God
  • there is no God, existence of God is impossible
  • there is no reason to believe in God
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11
Q

Religious Experience

A
  • faith

- mystical insight

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12
Q

Revelation

A
  • Bible

- miracles

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13
Q

Reason

A
  • Apriori arguments

- Aposteriori arguments

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14
Q

Pascal’s Wager

A
  • if you believe in God you go to heaven
  • if you believe in God but he doesn’t exist, you haven’t gained or lost anything
  • if you don’t believe in God, you go to hell
  • if you don’t believe in God and he doesn’t exist, you haven’t gained or lost anything
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15
Q

Aposteriori

A
  • depending on sense experience
  • Aquinas
  • 5 ways: causation, contingency, imperfection, “unthinking order”, motion
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16
Q

cosmological argument

A
  • causation and contingency
  • Aposteriori
  • either the chain of cause and effect goes back infinitely
  • or the chain goes back and stops with something
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17
Q

3 problems with the cosmological argument

A
  1. if you accept this argument, all you have proven is that there is an uncaused cause
  2. any argument in which the premise contradicts the conclusion is an unsuccessful argument
  3. the first premise is untrue - not everything is caused
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18
Q

contingency

A
  • first premise
  • everything operates according to causal laws
  • if everything is cause it must be necessary
  • there must be a time when nothing existed
  • there must be some necessary thing that cause them to exist
  • some necessary thing does exist and is God
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19
Q

teleological argument

A
  • argument of design
  • Aposteriori
  • William Paley
  • watch is to watchmaker as world is to worldmaker
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20
Q

Internal objections for teleological argument

A
  1. David Hume says based on a false analogy - diferences are greater than similarities
  2. Charles Darwin - everything designed deserves a designer but everything that is ordered does not deserve an orderer
  3. Hume says order in the world is result of random chance
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21
Q

External objections for teleological argument

A
  1. if accepted, designer/orderer must exist but no reason to believe what the nature is
  2. Charles Darwin - evolution (adapting and surviving)
  3. the problem of evil - if the world is designed by a benevolent deity what is the reason for his design
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22
Q

Apriori

A

knowledge based on reason alone, previous known knowledge before sense experience

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23
Q

Ontological argument

A
  • Apriori
  • St. Anselm & Decartes
  • Gods existence based on the fact that we’re talking about God, only being who cannot exist
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24
Q

St. Anselm

A
  • ontological arg
  • God does not exist
  • “A being greater than which non can be conceived”
25
Q

Decartes

A
  • ontological arg

- says God is the ultimate being to referred to as a being of who posses all perfection and no imperfections

26
Q

Nonexistence is an imperfection, God is…

A

not imperfect, therefore God exists.

27
Q

Criticisms of Anselm (Guanilo)

A
  1. I can prove the existence of anything
    - Anselm says: God is the only being we cannot conceive of not existing
  2. concept of a greatest conceivable God is impossible to understand/think of.
    - Anselm says: you just thought of it as you were saying you can’t
28
Q

Immanuel Kant

A
  • says maybe “God does not exist” is not a contradiction

- existence is not a property, its a precondition for having properties

29
Q

Moral argument

A
  • Apriori
  • Kant
  • it is innate in human beings to make right and wrong
30
Q

The problem of evil

A
  • if God is able to prevent evil but not willing, then he is not benevolent
  • if God is willing to prevent evil but is not able then he is not omnipotent
  • if God is both willing and able toe prevent evil then why does it exist?
31
Q

God is…

A

immanent and transcendent

32
Q

3 proposi for the problem of evil

A
  1. God is omnipotent
  2. God is benevolent
  3. Evil exists
    - if any 2 are true then the third is false
    - all three are supposed to be true and that is impossible
33
Q

2 categories of evil

A
  1. moral evils

2. necessary and unnecessary evils

34
Q

moral evils

A
  • moral: result of human free will (murder, torture)

- natural evils: result of forces that work in the world (tornados, cancer)

35
Q

necessary and unnecessary evils

A
  • necessary evil: required to prevent some greater evil or bring about some greater good
  • unnecessary evil: neither brings about a greater good or prevent evil, produces pointless suffering
36
Q

Theodicy

A
  • justification of God

- tries to answer why is there evil

37
Q

John Stewart Mill Solution to problem of evil

A
  • look at the problem and gets rid of God is omnipotent

- if believe in God, one would say you can’t take away a element of God

38
Q

Solutions to problem of evil

A

1st group: admitting existence of evil but explaining it to free will
2nd group: there is no such thing as evil we have misunderstood evil

39
Q

Free will defense

A
  • moral evils
  • had to be evil for us to chose against
  • evil that occurs in the work is a result to our choices
40
Q

3 problems with free will defense

A
  1. freedom is exercised outside of cause and effect
  2. doesn’t address natural evils
  3. why didn’t god make us less inclined to chose evil and more inclined to chose good
41
Q

Soul making theodicy

A
  • John Hick
  • w/o evil we wouldn’t recognize good from bad
  • Gods desire to eliminate evil is overridden by a stronger desire that we will meet and overcome evil
  • doesn’t work: explain why animals suffer
42
Q

supernatural

A
  • above the nature

- eternal, spacio-temporal

43
Q

one

A

-uniqueness

44
Q

creator

A
  • God creates everything to exist so that it is able to exist
  • designer or planner
45
Q

eternal

A
  • exists outside of time

- no past, no future, everlasting

46
Q

personal

A

it is possible to speak to this God, we can relate

-engaged through prayer

47
Q

perfect

A
  • posses every perfection we are capable of thinking of

- omnipotent: all powerful

48
Q

omniscient

A

all knowing

49
Q

benevolent

A

desire to do the good

50
Q

faith

A
  • believing without a reason

- involuntary beliefs says Augustine

51
Q

3 problems with faith

A
  1. faith is subjective feeling, you cannot gain objective conclusions
  2. suspending your critical faculties =manipulation
  3. we trust the person with good reasons over the person with no reason
52
Q

“A wise man proportions his belief to the evidence.”

A

David Hume

53
Q

mystical insight

A

knowledge of Gods existence in a nonverbal way, usually the result of a mystical experience

54
Q

3 problems with mystical insight

A
  1. pareidolia ex: seeing God in a tree
  2. mystical experiences fail bc of background beliefs
  3. can be caused by abnormal conditions
55
Q

Bible

A

-record of the contract between the Jews and God

56
Q

3 problems with the bible

A
  1. argument is circular
  2. accepting the Bible = accepting everything in it
  3. why do we accept this scripture and not the others?
57
Q

miracle

A
  • violation of a natural law

- must have a miracle worker to account for a miracle

58
Q

3 problems with miracles (David Hume)

A
  1. never reasonable for anyone to believe in miracles
  2. evidence in support would have to be greater than the evidence of the natural law being violated
  3. can never happen bc evidence supporting natural laws is the what everyone believes
59
Q

Theism

A

a belief in a personal god, who interacts with his creations

  • monotheism
  • polytheism
  • pantheism
  • panentheism
  • deism

philosophy (1 decks)

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