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Physiology 335 > Exam 3: Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Exam 3: Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the cardiovascular system?

A

Circulatory system

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2
Q

What are the top chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria

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3
Q

What are the lower/bottom chambers of the heart called?

A

ventricles

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4
Q

True/false: In an image of the heart the Right atria/vesicle appears on the left hand side?

A

True

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5
Q

Define Myocardium:

A

Cardiac muscle cells

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6
Q

Describe Excitation-Contraction (EC) Coupling in Cardiac Muscle

A

Excitation = Electrical signal (action potential)

E-C Coupling = Chemical signal (Intracellular Ca2+ release or Ca2+ transient)

Contraction = Mechanical signal (contraction)

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7
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of cardiac cell?

A

-89mV due to lots of K+ leak

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8
Q

What causes the plateau in depolarization of cardiac cells?

A

L-type (long-lasting) calcium channels

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9
Q

List the steps of EC coupling:

A
  1. Membrane is depolarized by Na+ entry as an action potential begins
    –excitation, no neuronal input required
  2. Depolarization opens L-type Ca2+ channels in the T-tubules
  3. A small amount of “trigger” Ca2+ enters the cytosol, contributing to cell depolarization. That trigger Ca2+ binds to, and opens, ryanodine receptor Ca2+ channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane
  4. Ca2+ flows into the cytosol increasing the Ca2+ concentration
    –Calcium Induced Calcium release
  5. Binding of Ca2+ to troponin exposes cross-bridge binding sites on thin filaments
  6. Cross-bridge cycling causes force generation adn sliding of thick and thin filaments
    –thin filament regulation of contraction just like in skeletal muscle
  7. Ca2+ - ATPase pumps return Ca2+to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  8. Ca2+-ATPase pumps and Na+/Ca2+ exchangers remove Ca2+ from the cell
    –Three ways to lower intracellular Ca2+ allowing for relaxation steps 7-8
  9. The membrane is depolarized when K+ exits to end the action potential
    –repolarization of the membrane potential
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10
Q

Define tetanus as it relates to cardiac muscle:

A

Sustained contractions in the skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Can forces summate in the heart?

A

no

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12
Q

Why is the refractory period of the heart so important?

A

It allows time for the ventricles to relax and fill with blood prior to the next heartbeat

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13
Q

SK/SM/CARD:

Contains myosin thick filaments and actin thin filaments

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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14
Q

SK/SM/CARD:

Has troponin and tropomyosin

A

Skeletal and Cardiac

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15
Q

SK/SM/CARD:

Small and uni-nucleated

A

Smooth and Cardiac

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16
Q

SK/SM/CARD:

Arranged in layers and surrounds hollow cavities:

A

Smooth and Cardiac

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17
Q

SK/SM/CARD:

Same 4 steps of cross-bridge cycle

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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18
Q

SK/SM/CARD:

Sliding filament mechanism of contraction

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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19
Q

SK/SM/CARD:

ATP powers the generation of force

A

Skeletal, smooth and Cardiac

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20
Q

SK/SM/CARD:

Elevated systolic Ca2+ initiates contraction

A

skeletal smooth and cardiac

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21
Q

What is the role of the cardiovascular system in maintaining homeostasis?

A

main transport system

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22
Q

Why is the cardiovascular system necessary

A

The diffusion of solutes 100 micrometers or more would be too slow and inefficient for large, multi-cellular organisms to exits

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23
Q

What are the 3 parts of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Heart: biological pump (electrical and mechanical)
  2. Blood: Fluid connective tissue (means of transporting O2/ CO2 /wastes /nutrients/ messengers)
  3. Blood vessels: “tubing” through which blood flows –active role in movement of blood
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24
Q

Total blood volume:

A

5.5 L

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25
Q
  1. Define hematocrit:
  2. Describe blood doping in relation to hematocrit.
A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. Increase hematocrit –>make blood thicker/slower flow. But it can carry more oxygen through the body. Increases circulation risks (heart attack)
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26
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma vs Erythrocytes vs Leuckocytes/platelets?

A

Plasma=55%
Erythrocytes=45%
Leukocytes/platelets=insignificant (Buffy coat)

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27
Q

In a dehydrated person, what part of the blood is decreased?

A

Plasma levels drop (below 55%)

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28
Q

Do Red blood cells have organelles?

A

no

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29
Q

What are the 4 functions of blood?

A
  1. Oxygen Transport –RBC’s
  2. Clotting –Platelets
  3. Immunity Defense – blast cells, white blood cells
  4. Immunity defense –lymphocytes
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30
Q

Where do arteries vs veins carry blood:

A

Arteries:carry blood AWAY from heart
Veins =carry blood towards the heart

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31
Q

Why is the heart wall thicker on the left?

A

Left ventricle pumps the blood a lot further (through the whole body system)

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32
Q

What are the 2 pumps of the heart?

A

Right and Left Ventricles.

Right ventricle: pumps to pulmonary system

Left ventricle: pumps to rest of body (systemic)

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33
Q

Describe dual pump:

A

The heart has 2 pumps and 2 circulatory systems

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34
Q

Perfusion:

A

Passage of blood through a vascular bed; blood moves by bulk flow from high to low pressures (ie along a pressure gradient)
**pressure is lower in vascular bed’s

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35
Q

Are most vascular beds in parallel or in series? What is the exception?

A

Most vascular beds are in parallel, but pulmonary circulation is in series
(higher quality)

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36
Q

**know the location of the chord tendinae and the papillary muscle

A
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37
Q

Describe the 3 types of cardiac muscles:

A
  1. Pacemaker cells- Have automaticity: SA NODE determines automaticity
  2. Conducting cells- specialized to rapidly spread the electrical stimulus throughout chambers
    (bundle of HIS, right and left bundle branches, & Purkinje fibers)
  3. Contractile cells -99% of cardiac muscle cells. Allows blood to be pumped out of heart
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38
Q

Compare AP/min of SA node AV node and conducting cells

A

*SA node: 100-120 APs per minute

AV node: 60-80 APs per minute

Conducting cells: 30-50 APs per minute

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39
Q

What are the coronary arteries?
What are the coronary veins?

A

Coronary arteries: First branches off the aorta and their openings are behind aortic valve cusps (send blood off to the body)

Coronary Veins: return blood into the right atrium (from body)

40
Q

Where do heart muscle cells receive oxygen and nutrients from?

A

Coronary capillaries.

NOT blood inside chambers

41
Q

Describe the pathway of blood starting with entering the heart and then leaving the heart and circulating body to tissues all the going al the way back to the heart:

A

Right atrium
Right AV valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary Valve

Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary arterioles
Capillaries of lungs
Pulmonary venules
Pulmonary veins

Left atrium
Left AV valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve

Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Venae Cavae

**back to top

42
Q

What 2 body structures are the ONLY structures of the body not within 1-10 micrometers of a capillary?

A

Cornea and Lens

43
Q

What determines blood flow?

A

pressure GRADIENT.

NOT absolute pressure.

44
Q

Hemodynamics equation:

A

F= deltaP / R

**Flow= change in pressure from point A to point B divided by the resistence

45
Q

What is the resistance equation:

A

R=8 L n / pi r^4

Resistance =

[8 x vessel length x viscosity of blood (thickness) ]
______________________________________
Pi x radius ^4

46
Q

What is the greatest contributing factor to resistance of blood flow?
**ie the main determinant

A

radius of the blood vessel

47
Q

What is the purpose of heart valves

A

to promote a one way direction of blood flow

48
Q

Name the 4 heart valves:

A

Atrioventricular valves (AV):
-Right AV (tricuspid)
-Left AV (bicuspid)
** AV valves separate the atria from the semilunar valves

Semilunar valves:
-Pulmonary semi-lunar valve
-Aortic semi-lunar valves
**separate ventricles from the great arteries

49
Q

Would all 4 valves ever be open all at the same time in a healthy person?

A

NO

50
Q

What are the 3 names for the left AV valve?

A
  1. Left AV valve
  2. Bicuspid valve
  3. Mitral valve
51
Q

What does a whistle vs a gurgle in the heart indicate?

A

Whistle: Poor opening
**stenotic valve

Gurgle: Leaky valve
**Insufficient valve

52
Q

Define Stenotic vs Insufficient valve:

A

Stenotic = poor opening = whistle

Insufficient = leaky valve (backflow) = gurgle

53
Q

Describe what the Lub - Dub sound indicates in the heart:

A

Lub = closing of AV valves

Dup = Closing of semilunar valves

54
Q

Describe the following situation:

Lub-whistle-dup

A

Stenosis Semi-lunar valve

55
Q

Describe the following situation:

Lub-gurgle-dup

A

Insufficient AV valve

56
Q

Describe the following situation:

Lub-Dup-Whistle

A

Stenosis AV valve

57
Q

Describe the following situation:

Lub-Dup-gurgle

A

Insufficient-semilunar

58
Q

What protein is responsible for transporting oxygen?

A

Erythromycin in RBC’s

59
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node
–it reaches threshold first

60
Q

True/False:
Every cell contracts with EVERY heart-beat

A

YES

61
Q

Can 1 diseased cell cause a fatal arrhythmia?

A

Yes :)

62
Q

What does the P-wave represent?

A

Atrial depolarization

63
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular depolarization

64
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarization

65
Q

Systole vs Diastole:

A

Systole = Ventricular EXCITATION

Diastole = Ventricular RELAXATION

66
Q

True or False: there are different types of ion channels for the different Action Potential Types

A

TRUE

67
Q

Describe the types of Cardiac Muscle Cell Ion Channels:

**5

A
  1. Funny Na+
  2. Transient Calcium
  3. Fast Na+
  4. Long-lasting Ca2+
  5. Leak and/or Voltage-gated K+
68
Q

For the following cardiac cell type describe the ion channels:

SA node

A
  1. Funny Na+
  2. Transient Calcium
  3. NO
  4. Long-lasting Ca2+
  5. Leak and/or Voltage-gated K+
69
Q

For the following cardiac cell type describe the ion channels:

AV node

A
  1. Funny Na+
  2. Transient Calcium
  3. NO
  4. Long-lasting Ca2+
  5. Leak and/or Voltage-gated K+
70
Q

For the following cardiac cell type describe the ion channels:

Fast-Conducting

A
  1. Funny Na+
  2. Transient Calcium
  3. Fast Na+
  4. Long-lasting Ca2+
  5. Leak and/or Voltage-gated K+
71
Q

For the following cardiac cell type describe the ion channels:

Atrial M.

A
  1. NO
  2. NO
  3. Fast Na+
  4. Long-lasting Ca2+
  5. Leak and/or Voltage-gated K+
72
Q

For the following cardiac cell type describe the ion channels:

Ventricular M

A
  1. NO
  2. NO
  3. Fast Na+
  4. Long-lasting Ca2+
  5. Leak and/or Voltage-gated K+
73
Q

Does the heart spend more time in diastole or systole?

A

Diastole (relaxation) = 2/3 time
*LONGER

Systole (contraction) = 1/3 time
*SHORTER

74
Q

Describe the following:
**include what mechanical part of cardiac cycle they are each part of

Ventricular filling

Isovolumetric contraction

Ejection

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

Ventricular filling: Relaxation allows filling
DIASTOLE

Isovolumetric contraction: Build pressure (squeeze)
SYSTOLE

Ejection: Pressure sends out
SYSTOLE

Isovolumetric relaxation: end sending
DIASTOLE

75
Q

What is End Diastolic Volume?

A

EDV is the final volume in the ventricle after filling (135 mL at rest)

76
Q

Define Stroke volume:

A

Push OUT 70 mL into blood

77
Q

Describe the pressure in the ventricles compared to pressure in the aorta and atria

A

Pressure in ventricles is LESS than pressure in Arota (and PA)

Pressure in ventricles is GREATER than pressure in atria

78
Q

What is End systolic volume?

A

65 mL

79
Q

What happens where pressure lines cross in the Wiggers diagram?

A

Valves open or close

80
Q

What is the pulse pressure equation?

A

Pulse pressure = Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure

PP = SP - DP

81
Q

MABP=

A

MABP = DP + 1/3(PP)

82
Q

Which pressure is the actual throb you feel?

A

Pulse pressure

83
Q

What are 2 different terms to describe arterial blood flow:

A

Laminar Flow: smooth and quiet (Typical)

Turbulent Flow: Noisy, rolling, lots of eddy currents

84
Q

Define Cardiac Output:

A

The volume of blood coming out of each ventricle per unit time, usually reported as liters/min

85
Q

Cardiac Output =

A

CO = HR x Stroke Volume

86
Q

Does Cardiac Output change with fitness level?

A

Yes (increases more active you are)

ie: heart pumps more effectively. resting heart rate will be lower

87
Q

What is the intrinsic rate of pacemaker cells?

A

SA node: 100

AV node: 70

His/Purkinje: 30

88
Q

Why isn’t resting heart rate 100 bpm?

ie. what are chronotropic effects (effects on heart)?

A

Pacemaker potential is slowed by parasympathetic and quickened by sympathetic stimulation

89
Q

How does Sympathetic alterations affect K+, Na+, and Ca2+ currents?

**and therefore pacemaker potentials

A

Sympathetic:
1. No change of K+ current
2. INCREASE Funny Na+ current
3. INCREASE T-type Ca2+ current

90
Q

How does Parasympathetic alterations affect K+, Na+, and Ca2+ currents?

A

Parasympathetic:
1. INCREASE voltage-gated K+ current
2. DECREASE Funny Na+ current
3. DECREASE T-type Ca2+ current

91
Q

How does Sympathetic vs parasympathetic activity affect L-type Ca2+ current?

A

Sympathetic = INCREASE L-Type Ca2+ current

Parasympathetic = DECREASE L-Type Ca2+ current

92
Q

SV=

A

SV = End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) - End-Systolic volume (ESV)

93
Q

What does Frank-Starling mechanism do?

A

Prevents a rise in End-systolic volume
**prevents clotting

94
Q

Ejection Fraction =

A

EF = [SV] x 100%
______
[EDV]

95
Q

what is the site of greatest vascular resistance?

A
96
Q

What happens with increasing age to blood pressure?

A

Both compliance and elasticity decrease (ie. arteries get stiff)

**Systolic pressure trends higher and diastolic pressure trends lower, but the MAP can stay the same

97
Q
A

Physiology 335 (3 decks)

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