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BMS 213 > Exam 3 Objectives > Flashcards

Exam 3 Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Where can you find S. epidermis?

A

In the normal skin microbiota.

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2
Q

Where can you find S. saprophyticus?

A

In the normal vaginal microbiota.

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3
Q

What infections can S. saprophyticus cause?

A

UTIs

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4
Q

What infections can S. aureus cause?

A

MRSA, impetigo, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome.

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5
Q

What is differential media?

A

Media that changes its appearance due to some characteristic of the organism.

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6
Q

What are some examples of differential media?

A

Fermentation tubes or DNase agar.

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7
Q

What is selective media?

A

Media that encourages some growth while inhibiting others

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8
Q

What is an example of selective media?

A

CNA-BA

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9
Q

Why is CNA-BA considered selective and differential?

A

The antibiotics, colistin and nalidixic acid (CNA) inhibit the growth of Gram-negative organisms making Columbia CNA selective as well as differential.

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10
Q

What does a catalase test do?

A

Tests for the enzyme catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

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11
Q

Why is catalase important?

A

Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic form of oxygen and a byproduct of aerobic respiration; bacteria need some way to break it down.

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12
Q

What does a positive test for catalase look like?

A

When hydrogen peroxide is put on the organism, a vigorously bubbling will occur.

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13
Q

Do Staphs or Strepts test positve for coagluase?

A

Staphs

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14
Q

What does a coagulase test do?

A

Tests to see if blood plasma can be turned into a blood clot by coagulase.

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15
Q

Why are blood clots important for bacteria?

A

Clots can help bacteria establish infections and protect themselves.

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16
Q

What media was used for the coagulase test?

A

Rabbit plasma.

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17
Q

What does a positive coagulase test look like?

A

A clot will be formed in the test tube.

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18
Q

What does a Novobiocin Disk test do?

A

Test how sensitive or resistant Staphs are to the antibiotic Novobiocin.

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19
Q

How can we tell is a Staph is resistant or sensitive to Novobiocin?

A

Sensitive: large zone of inhibition.
Resistant: small zone of inhibition.

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20
Q

How do you perform a Novobiovin Disk test?

A

Create a lawn of bacteria.
Put the antibiotic disk in the middle.

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21
Q

What oxygen classifications do more Strepts belong in?

A

Most are facultative anerobes or anerobes.

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22
Q

What is a capnophile?

A

An organism that grows better in a high concentration of CO2.

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23
Q

What do we do to accommodate some Strepts being capnophiles?

A

We grow the Strepts in a candle jar to raise the concentration of CO2.

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24
Q

What are some infections S. pyogenes cause?

A

Strept throat (which can turn into scarlet fever), impetigo, necrotizing fascitis, autoimmune complications, and rheumatic fever (which can lead to heart valve damage).

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25
Q

Where can S. agalactiae be found?

A

In the normal microbiota vaginally ~30%

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26
Q

What infections can S. agalactiae cause?

A

Neonatal meningitis.

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27
Q

What infections can S. agalactiae cause?

A

Neonatal meningitis.

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28
Q

What infections can S. pneumoniae cause?

A

Pneumonia, ear infections, and meningitis.

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29
Q

What infections can S. mitis cause?

A

Tooth decay and plaque.

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30
Q

Where can S. mitis be found?

A

Normal mouth microbiota.

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31
Q

What is specifc about S. mitis and S. pneumoniae?

A

The both can make a capsule for protection.

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32
Q

Where can Enterococcus faecalis be found?

A

In the normal microbiota of the large intestine.

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33
Q

What are Lancefield groups based on?

A

They are based in the carbohydrate surface antigens of Strept.

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34
Q

What does B-hemolysis do?

A

Lysis all red blood cells.

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35
Q

What is O hemolysin?

A

Inhibited by oxygen.

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36
Q

What is S hemolysin?

A

Stable in oxygen.

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37
Q

What does Alpha-hemolysis do?

A

Partial red blood cell lysis.

38
Q

What does Gamma-hemolysis do?

A

No red blood cell lysis.

39
Q

How do B-hemolysis bacteria look on blood agar?

A

The media becomes clear or yellow especially around the stabs in the agar.

40
Q

How do Alpha-hemolysis bacteria look on blood agar?

A

The media becomes greenish/brown especially around the stabs in the agar.

41
Q

How do Gamma-hemolysis bacteria look on blood agar?

A

The media does not change color or appearance.

42
Q

How did we innoculate a bile esculin test?

A

We innoculate the slant just like normal.

43
Q

What are we testing for in a bile esculin test?

A

Testing to see if the organism can break down the polysaccharide esculin into esculatin and glucose.

44
Q

What group of Strepts test positive for a bile esculin test?

A

Group D Strepts.

45
Q

What does a positive bile esculin look like?

A

A black color change will occur.

46
Q

How did we innoculate a hippurate test?

A

Inoculate the solution like normal.

47
Q

What are we testing for in a hippurate test?

A

We testing to see if an organism can use hippurate hydrolase to break down hippurate into benzoate and glycine.

48
Q

What group of Strepts test positive for the hippurate test?

A

Group B Strepts.

49
Q

What reagent do we add to hippurate tests after incubation?

A

Ninhydrin.

50
Q

What does a positive hippurate test look like?

A

A purple color change occurs.

51
Q

Why is MacConkey agar both differential and selective?

A

MacConkey agar contains both bile salts and lactose which acts both selectively and differentially. This bile salt component is selective to gram-negative enteric bacteria, and inhibits the growth of most gram-positive bacteria.

52
Q

What tests make up the MIViC tests?

A

Indole test, Methyl Red test, Voges-Proskauer test, and Citrate test.

53
Q

What media did we use in the indole test?

A

We used tryptophan enriched broth.

54
Q

What are we testing for in an indole test?

A

Tests if tryptophanase can break down tryptophan into indole, pyruvate, and NH3.

55
Q

What is indole?

A

Indole is an amino acid.

56
Q

What reagent do we add to an indole test after incubation?

A

Kovac’s reagent.

57
Q

What does a positive indole test look like?

A

A red ring is sitting on top of the media after the reagent is added.

58
Q

What are we testing in a methyl red test?

A

Tests if the organism uses the mixed acid fermentation path when given glucose.

59
Q

What are mixed acid fermentation pathway products?

A

Succinic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid.

60
Q

What reagent is added after incubation of a methyl red test?

A

Methyl red, which acts as a pH indicator.

61
Q

What does a positive methyl red test look like?

A

A red color change occurs.

62
Q

What are we testing for in a Voges-Proskauer test?

A

If the organism produces acetoin, which breaks down into 2,3 butanediol which has a pH of 6.

63
Q

What reagent is added to a Voges-Proskauer after incubation?

A

Voges-Proskauer A and B in a 3:1 ratio.

64
Q

What does a positive Voges-Proskauer test look like?

A

A dark/muddy red color change.

65
Q

What are we testing in a citrate test?

A

Tests if an organism can break citrate into NH3 using citrase.

66
Q

What pH indicator is in the slant?

A

Brothymol blue.

67
Q

What does a positive citrate test look like?

A

A blue color change (blue signifies that the media has turned alkaline).

68
Q

What’s special thing do we have to do to the cap of citrate and urea tests?

A

Leave it loose to let in oxygen.

69
Q

What are we testing for in a urea test?

A

Tests if organism can use urease to break down urea into 2 NH3 + CO2.

70
Q

What is formed if 2 NH3 + CO2 is combined with water?

A

Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 which is basic.

71
Q

What pH indicator is in the slant?

A

Phenol red.

72
Q

What does a positive urea test look like?

A

A pink alkaline color change.

73
Q

What does the Kliger’s Iron Agar (KIA) test for?

A

Sugar utilization and hydrogen sulfide production.

74
Q

What does the KIA agar contain to test for sugar utilization?

A

0.1% glucose, 1% lactose, and the pH indicator phenol red.

75
Q

How are the acidic and basic colors shown in the slant?

A

Acidic=Yellow
Basic=Red

76
Q

What components of the KIA agar test for hydrogen sulfide?

A

Sodium thiosulfate (a source of sulfur) and ferric ammonium citrate (tests for hydrogen sulfide production).

77
Q

How does ferric ammonium citrate show hydrogen sulfide production?

A

The hydrogen sulfide reacts with the iron to make iron sulfide which shows as a black ppt.

78
Q

How do we innoculate the KIA slant?

A

We stab into the shallower butt portion and then streak to get the heaviest inoculum in the butt of the tube (the place with the least oxygen).

79
Q

What does an A/A test result mean?

A

It means both the slant and the butt were yellow and the organism ferments glucose and lactose.

80
Q

What does a K/K test result mean?

A

It means both the slant and the butt were red and the organism cannot ferment glucose or lactose.

81
Q

What does a K/A test result mean?

A

It means the slant was red and the butt was yellow and the organism can ferment glucose but not lactose.

82
Q

What does a black color anywhere in the slant mean?

A

It means the organism produces hydrogen sulfide.

83
Q

What do creaks or bubbles in the agar mean?

A

Gas was produced during fermentation.

84
Q

What 3 things do we test in the SIM test?

A

Hydrogen sulfide production, indole production, and motility.

84
Q

What 3 things do we test in the SIM test?

A

Hydrogen sulfide production, indole production, and motility.

85
Q

How does a positive SIM test look for hydrogen sulfide production?

A

A black color change.

86
Q

How does a positive SIM test look for indole production?

A

A red ring is present when Kovac’s reagent is added.

87
Q

How does a positive SIM test look for motility?

A

The whole tube is cloudy, not just around the stab.

88
Q

How do we innoculate a SIM test?

A

Stab straight down and up in the media.

89
Q

How do we create a wet mount?

A

Use a glass pipet to drop a couple of drops onto a glass slide.
Put a plastic coverslip over the drops, creating air bubbles.

90
Q

How do we read a wet mount under the microscope?

A

Find the edge of an air bubble in 4x and focus.
Move up to 40x, focus, and look outside the edge of the bubble.

BMS 213 (3 decks)

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