exam 3 partie 2

Question 1

1. The 3 “precepts” of “ascertainment:” 3 guiding principles for systematizing and codifying the English language in the early 1700s—inspired by centralized language reform in Italy, France, and Spain (circa 1583, 1635, and 1713)

Answer 1

-Reduce language to rule and setup a correct standard of usage

-refine it

-to fix it permanently in the desired form

Question 2

The difference between “American Sweep-Aside” and “Indian Re-Education”

Answer 2

-ASA They tried to removed completly native people and they became minority. They imposed their language to native people

-Indian wanted to learn English, therefore adapted English as a society, English was viewed positively(whealty,etc)

Question 3

The historical reasons behind English being the favourable lingua-franca within the European Union today, despite the fact that Great Britain is no longer part of the European Union

Answer 3

English has no negative baggage, so it doesn’t fear any people. England never invaded European country.

Question 4

Ostler’s reorientation of Latin being a living language comprising now separate Romance languages: the speaker population of all Latin-derived languages + its rank on the roster of the world’s top-twenty languages

Answer 4

We should view latin as romance languages (spanish/italian/french)

If we view it this way, latin becomes the second most spoken language with 660M speakers

Question 5

“Organic language growth” versus language growth through “merger and acquisition:” historical examples of both

Answer 5

OLG= When a language grows through population increase in the area of origin and encroaches on neighboring areas. E.g Russian

MAA= When a language grows through seaborne invasion and settlement. E.g English, French

Question 6

How English-language education has the edge over Mandarin-language education, despite the number of first-language Mandarin speakers being significantly higher than the number of first-language English speakers.

Answer 6

English is learned by mandarin speakers, but mandarin is not learned by English speakers.

Question 7

The languages predicted to surpass English and Mandarin by 2050… and the reason for it.

Answer 7

Spanish, Arabic and Urdu

Reason= high birth rate