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Research Methods in Psych > Exam 3 Research Methods > Flashcards

Exam 3 Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Forced Choice question?

A

Respondents pick the best of two or more choices
(Ex: yes or no)

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2
Q

What is an Open-Ended question?

A

Respondents may answer any way they like

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3
Q

What is a Likert Scale question?

A

Survey format using a rating scale containing multiple response options
with anchors (1-5 strongly disagree, neither agree nor disagree, strongly
agree)

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4
Q

What is Semantic Differential question?

A

Survey format using a rating scale containing contrasting adjectives (1-5 Bad to Good)

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5
Q

What is a Double-barreled question?

A

Problematic question that asks two questions in one
(Ex: How much do you enjoy collecting and analyzing data?)

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6
Q

What is a Double Negative question?

A

Negatively phrased statements that make wording complicated or confusing
(Ex: I don’t want nothing to do with her)

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7
Q

What is a Leading question?

A

Wording encourages one response more than others
(Ex: Our company’s pizza rolls are the best aren’t they?)

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8
Q

Define: Order Effects

A

The order questions are asked in can affect responses

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9
Q

Define: Observer Effects

A

A change in behavior of study participants in the direction of
observer expectations

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10
Q

Define: Observer bias

A

Bias that occurs when observer expectations influence the
interpretation of behaviors or outcome of the study

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11
Q

Define: Reactivity

A

A change in behavior of participants due to being aware they are being watched

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12
Q

Define: Acquiescence: (AKA: yea: saying)

A

Saying yes to every item or strongly agree

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13
Q

Define: Naysaying

A

saying no to every item or strongly disagree

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14
Q

Define: Fence sitting:

A

playing it safe by answering in the middle of the scale for
every item

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15
Q

Define: Social Desirability Bias

A

Giving answers that making one look better

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16
Q

Define: Population

A

Larger group from which a sample is drawn

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17
Q

Define: Sample

A

Group of people, animals, or cases used in a study

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18
Q

Define: Census

A

Set of observations that contains all members of population of interest

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19
Q

Define: Oversampling

A

Researcher intentionally overrepresent one or more groups

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20
Q

What is probability sampling?

A

Ensures that the sample is representative of the population

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21
Q

What is nonprobability sampling?

A

Involves
selecting individuals based on convenience or judgment

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22
Q

Define: Convenience sampling

A

Choosing a sample based on those who are easiest to access and readily available
(Ex: Undergrads in college)

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23
Q

Define: Purposive sampling

A

Participants are chosen on purpose

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24
Q

Define: Snowball sampling

A

Participants asked to recommend acquaintances for the study

25
Q

Define: Quota sampling

A

Researcher identifies subsets of populations of interest sets a target for number for each category in the sample and non randomly selects individuals within each category until quotas are filled

26
Q

Define: Simple random sampling

A

Random sample chosen from the population of interest
(Ex: Choosing names out of a hat)

27
Q

Define: Systematic sampling

A

Researchers use a randomly chosen number (N) and counts off every Nth member of the population to achieve a sample

28
Q

Define: Cluster sampling

A

Cluster of participants within the population selected at random

28
Q

Define: Multistage sampling

A

Random sample of people within the selected clusters (Involves at least 2 stages)

29
Q

Define: Random sampling

A

a way of selecting members of a population for your study’s sample (everyone has an equal chance of being chosen)

30
Q

Define: Stratified random sampling

A

Researcher identifies particular demographic categories and then randomly selects individuals within each category

31
Q

Define: Random assignment

A

a way of sorting the sample into control and experimental groups

32
Q

Define: Bivariate Correlation

A

An association that involves two variables

33
Q

How can you interpret a correlation coefficient?

A

-1 to 1; closer to 1 stronger relationship, closer to 0 is weaker

Positively correlated: variables change in the same direction

Negatively correlated: variables change in opposite directions

34
Q

How can you interpret effect sizes?

A

The magnitude, or strength, of a relationship between two or more variables

Weak (r=.1), moderate (r=.3), strong (r=.5)

Larger effect sizes are more important than smaller ones

Small effect sizes combined over many people or situations can have an important impact

35
Q

When are confidence intervals statistically significant?

A

Confidence intervals are expressed like this
* [.04, .06] ! does not cross 0
* [-.04, .06] ! does cross 0

Confidence intervals that do not cross 0 are statistically significant

36
Q

Define: Outlier

A

a score that stands out as either much higher or lower than most of the other scores in a sample

37
Q

How does a moderator inform external validity?

A

When an association is moderated by residential mobility, type of relationship, day of the week, or some other variable, we know it does not generalize from one of these situations to the others

38
Q

Define: moderator

A

A variable that (depending on the level) changes the relationship between two other variables

39
Q

Define: Cross sectional

A

In a longitudinal design, a correlation between two variables that are
measured at the same time

40
Q

Define: Autocorrelation

A

In a longitudinal design, the correlation of one variable with itself,
measured at two different times

41
Q

Define: Cross-Lag

A

In a longitudinal design, a correlation between an earlier measure of one variable & a later measure of another variable

42
Q

In a multiple regression design, ____ variable is to dependent variable as _____ is to independent variable.

A

Criterion; Predictor

43
Q

Define: Mediator

A

Variable that helps explain the relationship between two other variables

44
Q

Define: Independent Variable

A

The variable that is manipulated

45
Q

Define: Dependent Variable

A

The variable that is measured

46
Q

Define: Control Variable

A

Variable that a researcher holds constant on purpose

47
Q

What is a control group?

A

Level of the IV that is intended to represent “no treatment” or a
neutral condition

48
Q

What is a treatment group?

A

participants exposed to a level of IV that involves a medication,
therapy or intervention

49
Q

Define: Design Confound

A

The experimenter’s mistake in designing IV

50
Q

What is Independent-Groups design?

A

Different groups of participants are exposed to different levels of the IV

Each participant experiences only one level of the IV

AKA: between-subjects design or between-groups design

51
Q

What is a within-group design?

A

Experimental design in which each participant is presented with all levels of the IV

AKA: within-subjects design

Everyone gets everything

52
Q

What is a posttest-only design?

A

Experiment using an independent-groups design in which participants are tested on the DV only once

53
Q

What is a pretest/post-test design?

A

Experiment using an independent-group design in which participants are tested on the key DV twice: once before & once after exposure to the IV

54
Q

What is a repeated measures design?

A

Experiment using a within-group design in which participants respond to a DV more than once after exposure to each level of the IV

54
Q

Define: Practice effects

A

type of order effect in which performance improves over
time due to becoming practiced at DV measure

55
Q

Define: Carryover effects

A

type of order effect in which some form of
contamination carries over from one condition to the next

56
Q

Define: counterbalancing

A

In a repeated measures experiment, presenting the levels of the IV to participants in different sequences to control for order effects

Research Methods in Psych (3 decks)

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