Exam 3 Review Flashcards
Which of the following cells reabsorb potassium during potassium depletion?
A. Interacalated cells
B. Prinicpal cells
C. Chief cells
D. Podocytes
Intercalated cells
Which of following describes a valid change in potassium distribution due to an acid-base abnormality?
A. Metabolic acidosis decreases extracellular K concetration
B. Metabolic alkalosis increases extracellular K concentration
C. Metabolic acidosis increases extracellular K concentration
D. Both A and B are valid
Metabolic acidosis increases extracellular K concentration
Almost 90 percent of the flucose reabsorption occurs in the early proximal tubule. Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for moving glucose from the tubular lumen into the cytoplasmic compartment?
A. Primary active transport via a glucose ATPase pump
B. Secondary active transport via sodium/glucose cotransporter
C. Secondary active transport via sodium/glucose antiporter
D. Diffusion due to concentration differences between tubular fluid and cytoplasm
B. Secondary active transport via sodium/glucose cotransporter
Which of the following segments of the nephron is NOT permeable to water?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule in the presence of ADH
B. Descending loop of Henle in the presence of ADH
C. Ascending loop of Henle in the presence of ADH
D. Distal convoluted tubule in the presence of ADH
Ascending loop of Henle in the presence of ADH
Which respiratory control center is primarily responsible for establishing the ramp signal during normal breathing?
A. Dorsal respiratory group
B. Pneumotaxic center
C. Ventral respiratory center
D. Carotid body
Dorsal respiratory group
Most bicarbonate reabsorption occurs in which of the following parts of the renal tubules?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Descending limb of Henle
C. Ascending limb of Henle
D. Distal tubule
Proximal tubule
How much of filtered calcium is excreted by the kidneys?
A. 1%
B. 47%
C. 78%
D. 99%
1%
Minimum change disease occurs when the negative charges on the filtration membrane of the glomerulus are not present. What abnormality in the urine would be expected under these conditions?
A. Urine would contain numerous RBCs
B. Urine would contain excess albumin
C. Urine would contain excess odium and chloride
D. Urine would be less concentrated
Urine would contain excess albumin
Approximately how much of the body’s supply of calcium is stored in bone?
A. 1%
B. 47%
C. 78%
D. 99%
99%
Which of the following reflects the maximum urine concentration that can be produced by the kidneys?
A. 6000-7000 mOsml/L
B. 5500-6000 mOsml/L
C. 1200-1400 mOsml/L
D. 2000-2400 mOsml/L
1200-1400 mOsml/L
The pulmonary circulation can be divided into two systems. Which of the following describes the system supplying the trachea, bronchial tree and rest of the intersistium?
A. High pressure-low flow
B. High pressure- high flow
C. Low pressure- low flow
D. Low pressure- low flow
A. High pressure-low flow
Which of the following reflects the maximum urine concentration that can be produced by the kidneys?
A. 6000-7000 mOsml/L
B. 5500-6000 mOsml/L
C. 2400-1400 mOsml/L (1200-1400 mOsml/L)
D. 2000-2400 mOsml/L
C. 2400-1400 mOsml/L (1200-1400 mOsml/L)
Approximately how much of the total cardiac output is received by the kidneys?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 100%
25%
Which of the following buffer systems is the most important extracellular buffer system?
A. Phosphate buffer system
B. Carbonate buffer system
C. Bicarbonate buffer system
D. Hemoglobin buffer system
C. Bicarbonate buffer system
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is left sided heart failure or mitral valve disease. Pulmonary edema occurs when pulmonary capillary pressure exceeds which of the following levels?
A. 7 mmHg
B. 15 mmHg
C. 20 mmHg
D. 25 mmHg
D. 25 mmHg
Most of the filtered electrolytes are reabsorbed in which of the following regions of the kidney tubule?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Descending loop of Henle
C. Ascending loop in Henle
D. Early collecting duct
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
Without autoregulation, a slight increase in blood pressure could increase GFR up to 225 L/day. How much would this increase urine flow (excretion)?
A. 20.0 L/day
B. 32.7 L/day
C. 46.5 L/day
D. 180.0 L/day
46.5 L/day
Which of the following centers acts to control the “switch-off” point of the inspiratory ramp signal?
A. Dorsal respiratory group
B. Pneumotaxic center
C. Ventral respiratory group
D. Aortic body
Pneumotaxic center
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in mmHg at the alveolar membrane if the percentage of oxygen in the alveoli is 20%?
A. 75 mmHg
B. 122 mmHg
C. 152 mmHg
D. 266 mmHg
152 mmHg
What percentage of carbon dioxide is carrier in the blood as bicarbonate?
A. 5%
B. 25%
C. 30%
D. 70%
70%
The range in the pressure change (in cm of water) in alveolar pressure during inspiration is expressed by which of the following?
A. 0 to -1
B. -5 to -7.5
C. -7.5 to -5
D. -1 to 0
A. 0 to -1
KNOW that is must become negative
Humidification of air in the alveoli has which of the following effects on the partial pressures of nitrogen and oxygen in the alveoli?
A. It increases the partial of each of the other gases
B. It decreases the partial pressures of each of the other gases
C. It has no effect on the partial pressures of the other gases
D. It increases the partial pressure of oxygen but decreases the partial pressure of nitrogen in alveolar air
B. It decreases the partial pressures of each of the other gases
What is the source of the hormone aldosterone?
A. Juxtaglomerular cells
B. Principal cells
C. Adrenal cortex
D. Liver
Adrenal cortex
Aldosterone is an important regulator of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion; one of its main targets is ________.
A. Podocytes
B. Principal cells
C. Intercalated cells
D. cells of the macula densa
Principal cells
In normal individual, which of the following represents the transport maximum for glucose?
A. 125 mg/min
B. 250 mg/min
C. 375 mg/min
D. 500 mg/min
375 mg/min
Which of the following buffer systems is most important in buffering renal tubular fluid?
A. Phosphate buffer system
B. Carbonate buffer system
C. Bicarbonate buffer system
D. Hemoglobin buffer system
A. Phosphate buffer system
The bicarbonate buffer system consists of a bicarbonate salt and which of the following?
A. Weak acid
B. Strong acid
C. Weak base
D. Strong base
A. Weak acid
The macula densa is found in which of the following parts of the renal tubule?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Thin descending limb of Henle
C. Thick ascending limb of Henle
D. Distal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
A number of hormones are involved in the control of glomerular filtration rate. Which of the following preferentially constricts the efferent arterioles but has little to no effect on the afferent arterioles?
A. Bradykinin
B. Angiotensin II
C. Endothelial-derived nitric oxide
D. Endothelin
Angiotensin II
A high potassium intake would have which of the following effects on potassium excretion associated with increased renal tubular flow rate?
A. Potassium excretion would increase with increased tubular flow rate
B. Potassium excretion would decrease with tubular flow rate
C. THere would be little effect
D. Tubular flow rate would be decreased
A. Potassium excretion would increase with
Osmoreceptor cells are located in which of the following regions?
A. Adjacent to carotid bodies
B. In the macula densa
C. In the anterior part of the third ventricle
D. In the distal collecting ducts
C. In the anterior part of the third ventricle
Metabolic acidosis is compensated for by which of the following mechanisms?
A. Increased ventilation rate
B. Decreased ventilation rate
C. Renal excretion of bicarbonate ion
D. Renal addition of new bicarbonate ion to extracellular fluid
A. Increased ventilation rate
Which of the following segments of the nephron is NOT permeable to water?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule in the presence of ADH
B. Descending loop of Henle in the presence of ADH
C. Ascending loop of Henle in the presence of ADH
D. Distal convoluted tubule in the presence of ADH
Ascending loop of Henle in the presence of ADH
Which of the following plays a major role in stimulating potassium excretion by the kidney tubules?
A. Aldosterone
B. Angiotensin II
C. Sodium ion
D. PTH
Aldosterone
Which of the following, in liters/day, represents the GFR in the average adult human?
A. 3
B. 125
C. 180
D. 360
180
Which of the following would be a result of increased levels of angiotensin II?
A. Decreased blood pressure
B. Increased vasoconstriction
C. Increased naturesis
D. Decreased aldosterone levels
B. Increased vasoconstriction
Note: angiotensin literally means blood vessel tension
Using the Flick principle for calculating the cardiac output, the patient’s resting oxygen consumption volume should be divided by which of the following?
A. The difference between the oxygen concentration in the systemic arterial blood and the systemic mixed venous blood
B. The difference between the oxygen concentration in the systemic arterial blood and the pulmonary vein
C. The difference between the oxygen concentration in the systemic mixed venous blood and the pulmonary vein
D. The difference between the oxygen concentration in the systemic mixed venous blood and the pulmonary artery
A. The difference between the oxygen concentration in the systemic arterial blood and the systemic mixed venous blood