Exam 3: Stomach Flashcards
What are the (2) types of bloat in ruminants?
Primary = frothy bloat
Secondary = gaseous bloat (obstruction)
What is the pathogenesis of frothy bloat?
Change in diet to some types of legumes such as alfalfa or grain concentrate –> lower rumen pH –> stable foam –> foam mixed with rumen contents blocks the cardia –> failure to eructate and bloat
What is the pathogenesis of grain overload and ruminitis-liver abscess complex?
Rapidly fermentable grain
Acidosis = low rumen pH
Damage to mucosa = F. necrophorum overgrowth
Rumen wall abscess, inflammation
Bacterial access and travel to liver via portal vein
Liver abscesses
What is the sequela of grain overload and rumitis-liver abscess complex?
Multifocal hepatic abscesses
Caudal vena caval pyremia (fatal septic embolism)
Pulmonary embolic pneumonia and hemorrhage (rupture of pulmonary artery)
Pulmonary hemorrhage = hemoptysis, nasal hemorrhage; sudden death due to blood loss
Where do pulmonary emboli arise from with the ruminitis-liver abscess complex?
- rupture of a hepatic abscess into the caudal vena cava
- vegetative valvular endocarditis (tricuspid valve)
- jugular thrombosis
What is the gross appearance of mycotic ruminitis?
Circular, well delineated lesions
Fungi can be angioinvasive resulting in infarction of vessels
What dog breeds are associated with gastric dilation and volvulus?
Large “barrel” chested dogs
Rarely pigs, guinea pigs
What is the pathogenesis of gastric dilation and volvulus?
Dilated stomach and displacement –> compression of diaphragm, vena cava, and portal vein –> decreased venous return –> decreased CO –> shock
How do you distinguish antemortem from postmortem rupture?
Antemortem = evidence of hemorrhage
What is the pathogenesis of displaced abomasum?
High grain diet and hypocalcemia –> fermentation –> atony –> production of gas –> recent parturition –> displacement of the abomasum to the cranial left abdomen –> obstruction –> HCl secretion –> chloride sequestration –> hypochloremia and metbolic alkalosis
How are left and right abomasal displacement different?
RDA can be fatal
20% can have volvulus
Can lead to vagal indigestion
What are the causes of gastric ulcers?
Mechanical - FB
Chemical
Drugs - steroids, NSAIDs
Stress
Hepatic disease
Vasculitis
Gastritis
Gastrinomas
Mast cell tumors
Addison’s
Equine gastric ulceration syndrome
Pigs (finely ground feed)
Idiopathic
What are the clinical signs of gastric ulcers?
Pale liver
Melena
Pale Body
Fibrinous/fibrous peritonitis
What causes braxy?
Clostridium septicum
What are the common gastric parasites of horses?
Gastric bots (gasterophilus intesinalis, nasalis)
Draschia megastoma (tumor like nodules, ulcers, glandular mucosa)
Trichostrongylus
