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Sociology Exam 3 > Exam 3 study > Flashcards

Exam 3 study Flashcards

1
Q

Social Differentiation?

A

Is how different statuses develop in any group, organization, or society.

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2
Q

Social Stratification?

A

Is a relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth.

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3
Q

Consequences of Social Stratification?

A

Titanic Incident (April 1912)

  • 60% of first class survived.
  • 41% of second class survived.
  • 24% of third class survived.
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4
Q

Effects of Social Class Differences -

A

Make it seem as if some people are living in two different societies.

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5
Q

Social Stratification as a System:

A

A system of structured social inequality.

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6
Q

What is True about Social Stratification?

A
  • All societies have a system of social stratification.
  • Complex societies often stratify according to social class.
  • This is influenced by occupation, income, education, race, gender, region of residence, ethnicity, national origin, and even age.
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7
Q

Estate?

A

A system in which a small elite group (Owners of property and power) has total control over resources.

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8
Q

What are Different Levels of Social Positions with their own obligations and legal rights?

A
  • Nobles, Priesthood and Peasants
  • Membership is primarily through inheritance
  • Primogeniture: the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child.
  • Agrarian societies
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9
Q

Caste?

A

is a system where status is assigned based on ascribed status- given at birth.

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10
Q

What are Caste based on?

A
  • Endogamous- enforcing marriage in one’s own group.
  • Hereditary
  • Occupational Specialization
  • Ideology
  • Caste systems can be based on race
  • Apartheid (South Africa) - white and non white.
  • Jim Crow (United States)
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11
Q

Class?

A

Class is a system based on ascribed and achieved statuses.

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12
Q

What is true of Class Systems?

A
  • Boundaries are fluid
  • Based on achievement
  • Money and wealth
  • Large scale and impersonal
  • -> Based on the ownership and control of resources and on the type of work people do
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13
Q

Status Symbol?

A
  • A material denotation of one’s social position.

ex: cars, clothing, shoes, house.

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14
Q

Conspicuous Consumption by (Thorstein Veblen):

A
  • Spending of money on and the acquiring ofluxurygoods and servicesto publicly displayeconomic power.
  • Bugatti Chiron-3 million Dollars .VS. Honda Accord 24,000 Dollars
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15
Q

Life Chances (Max Weber):

A
  • Opportunities individuals have to improve their quality of life.
  • Life chances are not distributed equally because of factors such as class, race, gender, age, etc.
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16
Q

Growing Inequality in US:

A
  • Class divisions in the United States are real, and inequality is growing.
  • Only 17% of the public thinks that children today will be better off than their parents.
  • The class structure in the United States means verydifferent living conditions for those of vast wealth andeveryone else.
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17
Q

Economic Restructuring:

A

The decline of manufacturing jobs in the United States.

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18
Q

Effect of Economic Restructuring:

A
  • These structural changes are having a profound effect on the life chances of people in different social classes.
  • Many in the working class once employed in manufacturing jobs are now in lower-wage jobs, if they work at all.
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19
Q

Income?

A

Is the amount of money brought into a household from various sources during a given period.

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20
Q

Income Growth benefits:

A

Income growth has been greatest for those at the top of the population but for everyone else, income has either been relatively flat or grown at a far lesser rate.

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21
Q

Wealth?

A

Is the monetary value of everything one actually owns.

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22
Q

Net Worth?

A

subtract debt from financial assets

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23
Q

Wealth Facts:

A
  • The wealthiest 1% owns 35% of all net worth

- The bottom half owns 1.1% of all net worth

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24
Q

Status Attainment?

A

is how people end up in a given stratified position.

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25
Q

Status attainment based on:

A

Class origins, educational level, and occupation produce class location.

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26
Q

What is socioeconomic status based on?

A

income, occupational prestige, and education

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27
Q

Occupational Prestige?

A

is the perceived, subjective rank assigned to an occupation.

-This is associated with years of education and degrees.

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28
Q

Occupations cluster in ranks such as:

A
  • High: physicians, professors, judges
  • Middle: electrician, insurance agent
  • Low: maids, garbage collectors
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29
Q

Educational Attainment:

A

the total years of formal education.

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30
Q

Prestige in occupation based on:

A

Prestige of occupation is connected to the number of years of education

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31
Q

U.S Class System:

A
  • Upper Class
    Old Money
    Nouveau Riche (generational money)
  • Upper Middle
    Professionals (medicine, law, business, etc.)
    Owns the Ford Dealership
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32
Q

U.S Class System:

A
  • Middle
    Difficult to measure
    University/High School/Technical Education
    Salesman in Ford Dealership
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33
Q

U.S Class System:

A 
- Lower Middle Class (Working Class)
Blue-collar worker
High school/some college (community college)
Medium to low prestige
Mechanic in the Ford Dealership
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34
Q

U.S Class System:

A 
- Lower Class
Working Poor
Worlds of Pain
Limited skills
Custodian in Ford Dealership
- Underclass
High unemployment
Public assistance
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35
Q

Woman’s Class Status:

A
  • A woman’s class status used to be based on her husband’s or father’s social position.
  • Even with comparable educations to men, women are employed in lower wage jobs and lower prestige occupations than men.
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36
Q

Age Matters:

A
  • 20% of U.S. children live in poverty.
  • 9.5% of those in the U.S. over 65 years old are poor.
  • Most elderly live comfortably due to pensions and Social Security.
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37
Q

Social Mobility:

A

You may be able to climb up the ladder if others allow you to, or if you achieve it, but others may push you down a rung or two.

-People usually stay on, or close to, the rung they started on.

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38
Q

Class Consciousness is perception of:

A
  • the existence of a class structure.

- your shared identification with a given class

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39
Q

False Consciousness is:

A
  • Lack of awareness of true class standing

- Wage Labor

40
Q

How did Marx classify people in two categories?

A
  • Bourgeoisie are the owners of the means of production.

- Proletariat are the workers, those who sell their labor for wages; also referred to as the exploited masses.

41
Q

What other classification did Marx give?

A
  • petty bourgeoisie (small business owners)
  • lumpen proleteriat (jobless).
  • Ideology
42
Q

Why is there inequality?

A
  • Infrastructure: underlying components of necessary elements that make business activity possible.
  • Superstructure: refers to the overlaying construction of business activity supported by the infrastructure.
43
Q

What three dimensions did Max Weber see in stratification?

A
  • class (the economic dimension);
  • status (or prestige, the cultural and social dimension); and
  • party (or power, the political dimension).
44
Q

Who is responsible for multidimensional view of social stratification?

A

Weber because he analyzed the connections between economic, cultural, and political systems.

45
Q

What three dimensions did Max Weber see?

A
  • wealth
  • power
  • prestige
46
Q

Poverty:

A

Despite high average U.S. standard of living, poverty afflicts millions of people.

47
Q

Poverty Line:

A

Amount of money needed to support the basic needs of a household

48
Q

Below poverty line:

A
  • Below this line, one is considered officially poor.

- More than 45 million poor people in the U.S. (14.5% of the population)

49
Q

Feminization of poverty:

A

: large proportion of the poor are women/children.

-The poor are racially diverse, diverse in age, and diverse in region.

50
Q

Statistics of Poverty:

A
  • Thousands of homeless: 444,000 to 842,000 on any given night, depending on how you count them.
  • Increase in homelessness over the past two decades
51
Q

What is myth of poverty?

A

Success requires only individual motivation and ability.

52
Q

“Culture of Poverty:”

A

Argues major causes of poverty are absence of work values and the irresponsibility of the poor.

  • Most of the able-bodied poor do work, even if only part-time.
53
Q

Underlying cause of Poverty:

A

are the economic/social changes in the U.S.

54
Q

TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families):

A
  • TANF has a life-time limit of five years for people to receive aid.
  • All recipients must find work within two years.
  • Those without work in two years may do community service for free.
55
Q

System of Global Stratification:

A
  • System of global stratification in which the units we are considering are countries.
  • United States GDP $59,500 - China GDP$16,600
  • Mexico GDP$19,500 - Japan GDP$42,700
  • Haiti GDP$1,800 - Cambodia GDP$4,000
56
Q

Global Outsourcing:

A
  • how jobs are located overseas, while supporting U.S.-based business.
  • Semi-skilled jobs: data entry, medical transcription,
  • Outsourced Jobs: high tech industries: software design, market research.
57
Q

Gross National Income: (GNI)

A

One measure of wealth of nation is per capita

58
Q

GNI Measured:

A
  • Total output of goods/services produced by residents of a country each year…
  • plus income from nonresident sources…
  • divided by the population size.
59
Q

Gini Coefficient:

A

Measurement of income distribution within a nation

60
Q

Core Countries:

A

have the most power in the world economic system.

-control and profit the most from the world system

61
Q

Semiperipheral Countries:

A

semi-industrialized

Represent a kind of middle class (such as Spain, Turkey, and Mexico)

Play a middleman role- pass profits from poor to core.

62
Q

Peripheral Countries:

A
  • Bottom

- Poor, largely agricultural countries with natural resources exploited by core countries

63
Q

Modernization Theory:

A

growth of countries stems from technological change.

64
Q

Why was Modernization Theory developed?

A
  • Theory developed to explain why some countries achieved economic growth and why others had not.
  • Economic development is how traditional societies become complex/differentiated.
65
Q

Dependency Theory:

A

poor countries’ poverty is a direct result of their dependence on the wealthy countries.

66
Q

How was Dependency Theory formed?

A
  • Neocolonialism-control of poor countries by rich nations but without the direct political and economic control of the former colonialism
  • Poverty of many countries is a result of exploitation by powerful countries for their raw materials and cheap labor
67
Q

World System Theory:

A

no nation in the world is in isolation.

68
Q

What is True of World Systems Theory?

A
  • Each country, no matter how remote, is tied in many ways to the other countries in the world.
  • The world economic system must be understood as a single unit.
  • Commodity Chain-Network of production and labor processes
  • Global migrants-war victims, legal and illegal workers and low wages
69
Q

Biggest difference between rich and poor nations:

A

Population.

70
Q

What is true of poor countries?

A
  • The poorest countries have the highest birthrates and the highest death rates.
  • In the poorest countries, women have almost five children.
71
Q

What is true of richest countries?

A

In the richest countries, women have about two children over their lifetimes.

72
Q

High income countries in health:

A
  • lower childhood death rates
  • higher life expectancies
  • fewer children born underweight
  • access to clean water and acceptable sewer systems
73
Q

High income nations in education:

A
  • education is almost universal
  • majority of children attend school at some level
  • literacy/education are now taken for granted
74
Q

Gender Inequality Index:

A
  • is a composite of three key components of women’s lives:
  • reproductive health
  • empowerment
  • labor market status
75
Q

Relative Poverty:

A

, a measure of poverty relative to the rest of U.S. society.

76
Q

World Bank and United Nations measure world poverty as:

A

Absolute poverty and extreme poverty.

77
Q

Absolute Poverty:

A

people living on less than $1.00 per day.

78
Q

Extreme poverty:

A

people living on less than $1.25 per day.

79
Q

Extreme Poverty:

A

people living on less than $1.25 per day.

80
Q

Double Deprivation:

A

Women bear a burden from world poverty, or double deprivation.
Another problem in the very poor areas of the world is homeless children.
Children must go without education and be out on their own, even at young ages.

81
Q

Ethnic

A

ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture:
a common language or dialect
a common nationality
a common religion
common norms, practices, customs, and history
Ethnic groups develop because of their unique historical and social experiences.

82
Q

race

A

A race is a group treated distinctly based on certain traits, some biological, that have been assigned social importance.
Based on presumed inferior traits, a race is often singled out for unfair treatment.
Biological characteristics do not define racial groups.
How groups have been treated historically and socially defines them.

83
Q

racialization:

A

when some social category, such as a social class or nationality, takes on what is perceived to be racial characteristics.

84
Q

socially constructed category.

A

jewish people-Jews are more accurately called an ethnic group because of common religious and cultural heritage, but in Nazi Germany Hitler defined Jews as a “race.”

85
Q

racial formation:

A

Racial formation is the process of how a group is defined as a race.

85
Q

racial formation:

A

Racial formation is the process of how a group is defined as a race.

86
Q

minority group

A

A minority group is:
any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and occupies low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination.

87
Q

dominant group

A 
The group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society is called the dominant group.
A group may be classified as a minority on the basis of ethnicity, race, sexual preference, age, religion, or class status.
88
Q

stereotype

A

Stereotype: oversimplified beliefs about members of a social group/social stratum.
Stereotypes presume to describe the “typical” member of some social group.

89
Q

salience principle

A

The salience principle states:
We categorize people on the basis of what appears initially prominent.
The choice of salient characteristics is culturally determined

90
Q

prejudice:

A

Prejudice: evaluation of a group/individuals based on conceptions, despite facts that disprove them.
Prejudices are usually negative predispositions.
Evaluations are rarely positive.
“Prejudice is an emotional commitment to ignorance” Nathan Rutstein

91
Q

discrimination

A

Discrimination is overt negative and unequal treatment of members of some social group or stratum solely because of their membership in that group
Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is overt behavior.

92
Q

racism”

A

The perception and treatment of a racial or ethnic group, or member of that group, as intellectually, socially, and culturally inferior to one’s own group.
Racism is more than an attitude; it is institutionalized in society.
Racism involves negative attitudes that are sometimes linked with negative behavior.

93
Q

old fashioned racism

A

Old-fashioned racism, traditional racism (or Jim Crow racism)
Physical assaults, from beatings to lynching

94
Q

aversive racism

A

Aversive racism.

Subtle and covert, such as avoiding interaction with someone of another race or ethnicity

95
Q

laissez faire racism

A

The subtle but persistent negative stereotyping of minorities
A tendency to blame the victim
Resistance to policy efforts designed to improve America’s racially oppressive social conditions and practices.

96
Q

institutional racism

A

Institutional racism:
The negative treatment/oppression of one racial/ethnic group by society’s institutions
Exists at the level of social structure
External to the individual—thus institutional

Sociology Exam 3 (1 decks)

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