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Anatomy 2 > exam 3 (unit 3) > Flashcards

exam 3 (unit 3) Flashcards

1
Q

why do we breathe?

A

our cells need ATP, which requires oxygen

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2
Q

what are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid-base balance

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3
Q

what are the two functional divisions of the respiratory system?

A

conducting zone and respiratory zone

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4
Q

passages for airflow, no gas exchange, includes the nose through the terminal bronchioles

A

conducting zone

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5
Q

the parts of the respiratory sys. that are involved in gas exchange, includes respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

A

respiratory zone

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6
Q

what are the two locational divisions?

A

upper respiratory and lower respiratory tracts

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7
Q

what is included in the upper respiratory tract?

A

organs in the head and neck, nose through the larynx

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8
Q

what is included in the lower respiratory tract?

A

organs in the thorax, trachea through the lungs

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9
Q

functions of the nose?

A

warms and humidifies incoming air, olfaction

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10
Q

what is the nasal mucosa made up of?

A

epithelial tissue, goblet cells, cilia

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11
Q

what do goblet cells do?

A

produce mucus

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12
Q

the “throat”

A

pharynx

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13
Q

the pharynx serves as a passage for ________

A

air, food, liquid

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14
Q

region of the pharynx that is a passage for only air and contains pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

nasopharynx

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15
Q

region of the pharynx that is a passage for food, liquid, air and contains stratified squamous epithelium

A

oropharynx

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16
Q

region of the pharynx that is a passage for food, liquid and air, is superior to the esophagus, and is the most inferior region

A

laryngopharynx

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17
Q

the “voice box”

A

larynx

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18
Q

primary function of larynx?

A

keeps food/drink out of airway

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19
Q

the “windpipe”

A

trachea

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20
Q

what is the function of the mucociliary escalator in the trachea?

A

escalates mucus out, away from the lungs and helps remove debris/inhaled particles

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21
Q

what is the inner lining of the mucociliary escalator made of?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells and cilia

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22
Q

what is the tracheal bifurcation?

A

fork in trachea that form the main bronchi

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23
Q

inferior portion of the lungs?

A

base

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24
Q

superior portion of the lungs?

A

apex

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25
Q

how many lobes does each lung have ?

A

left: 2
right: 3

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26
Q

3 branches of bronchi

A

main (primary bronchi)
lobar (secondary) bronchi
segmental (tertiary) bronchi

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27
Q

which branch of bronchi do bronchioles arise from?

A

segmental bronchi

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28
Q

bronchi are supported by which type of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

bronchi are lined with what epithelium?

A

ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium

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30
Q

what are bronchioles lined with?

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelium

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31
Q

final portion of the conducting zone?

A

terminal bronchioles

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32
Q

beginning of respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles

33
Q

alveoli bud from which bronchioles?

A

respiratory bronchioles

34
Q

the site of gas exchange with capillaries?

A

alveoli

35
Q

95% of alveoli are lined with __________?

A

simple squamous epithelium

36
Q

5% of alveoli are lined with ____________?

A

cuboidal alveolar cells

37
Q

what are type 1 cells?

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

38
Q

what are type 2 cells?

A

cuboidal alveolar cells, “great alveolar cells”

39
Q

what are alveolar macrophages?

A

mobile cells that travel through the alveoli and phagocytize inhaled products

40
Q

what is the most numerous cell type in lung?

A

alveolar macrophages

41
Q

what is the respiratory membrane?

A

barrier between blood and air in alveoli

42
Q

what are the 3 layers of the respiratory membrane?

A

squamous alveolar cells
shared basement membrane
endothileal cells in capillaries

43
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation?

A

breathing; repetitive cycle of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation)

44
Q

flow of air into and out of the lungs depends on _________?

A

pressure gradients

45
Q

what are the main brain centers that control muscles of respiration?

A

pons & medulla

46
Q

______ pressure drives respiration?

A

atmospheric pressure drives respiration

47
Q

higher elevations = _______ pressure

A

higher elevations = lower pressure

48
Q

during inspiration (pressure) :

A

lung pressure < atmo. pressure

49
Q

during exhalation:

A

lung pressure > atmo. pressure

50
Q

which of these organs stores and concentrates bile?

A

gallbladder

51
Q

which of these structures contain the enzymes involved in chemical digestion?

A

microvilli

52
Q

the main function of the stomach is …

A

food storage

53
Q

which form of digestion includes the churning of the stomach and intestines?

A

mechanical

54
Q

the epithelium of the mucosa of the alimentary canal is composed of _____ only in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and distal anal canal

A

stratified squamous epithelium

55
Q

which layer of the wall of the alimentary canal includes a sub-layer called the lamina propria?

A

mucosa

56
Q

the production of which these substances is the inly indispensible function of the stomach?

A

intrinsic factor

57
Q

the ______ reflex is triggered by stretching of the rectum. This involves only the stretching of the myenteric nerve plexus, leasing to rectum contraction

A

intrinsic defecation

58
Q

which of the five stages of digestion involves the elimination of feces from the body?

A

defecation

59
Q

some antacid drugs cause a reduction in the production and secretion of stomach acid. which cells would be most strongly affected by these drugs?

A

parietal cells

60
Q

which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion and absorption?

A

the stomach

61
Q

lung diseases such as tuberculosis that create scar tissue in the lungs inhibit ventilation of the lungs by:

A

decreasing pulmonary compliance

62
Q

the lining of most of the conducting zone by a psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is most closely associated with which primary function of the respiratory sys?

A

protection

63
Q

what does boyle’s law state?

A

at constant temp., pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

64
Q

during contraction, the diaphragm…

A

flattens, lungs expand, air enters lungs

65
Q

during relaxation, the diaphragm…

A

bows upward, expelling air

66
Q

what is the main resistance effector?

A

bronchiole diameter

67
Q

what is pulmonary compliance?

A

the ease at which the lungs can expand

68
Q

which lungs diseases decrease pulmonary compliance?

A

lung diseases that cause scar tissue

69
Q

what does dalton’s law state?

A

total atmospheric pressure equals the sum of the contributions of the individual gases (partial pressures)

70
Q

in alveolar gas exchange, gases move via ______?

A

diffusion

71
Q

in alveolar gas exchange, O2 diffuses into _______?

A

blood

72
Q

in alveolar gas exchange, CO2 diffuses into _______?

A

alveoli

73
Q

what is loading?

A

movement of gas into blood

74
Q

what is unloading?

A

movement of gas out of blood

75
Q

a steeper pressure gradient =

A

faster O2 diffusion

76
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

protein specialized for oxygen transport

77
Q

what is oxyhemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin with at least one O2

78
Q

what is deoxyghemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin with no O2

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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