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Anatomy 2 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 7 functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. filter waste from blood
  2. regulate blood volume, pressure, osmolarity
  3. regulate electrolytes, acid/base balance of body fluids
  4. secrete erythropoietin
  5. regulate calcium homeostasis
  6. clear hormones/drugs from blood
  7. detoxify free radicals
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2
Q

what makes up the nitrogenous waste portion of urine?

A

urea, uric acid & creatinine

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3
Q

what is nitrogenous waste?

A

a toxic type of metabolic waste

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4
Q

what is the renal capsule?

A

capsule made of collagen fibers that encloses the kidney

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5
Q

what is the renal parenchyma ?

A

glandular tissue that forms urine

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6
Q

what are the two zones of the renal parenchyma?

A

cortex and medulla

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7
Q

what is the renal sinus?

A

cavity within kidney that contains blood vessels, nerves, urine collecting structures

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8
Q

what is the ureter?

A

collects urine from the renal parenchyma and sends it to bladder

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9
Q

what is the nephron?

A

functional unit of the kidney

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10
Q

what is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

filters blood and contains the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

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11
Q

what is the function of the glomerulus?

A

delivers blood to be filtered, filtrate moves through to the renal tubule

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12
Q

what is the function of the renal tubule?

A

forms urine from filtrate

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13
Q

what is the first stage of urine formation?

A

glomerular filtration

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14
Q

what is the GFR?

A

glomerular filtration rate; amount of filtrate formed per minute

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15
Q

what happens if GFR is too high?

A

fluid flows too quickly through renal tubule, reabsorption of ions and water is inhi

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16
Q

how does blood pressure affect filtration?

A

a higher BP means more filtration

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17
Q

what is renal autoregulation?

A

nephrons adjust their own blood flow with no external influence

18
Q

what is the myogenic mechanism?

A

smooth muscle of afferent arterioles adjust the diameter of the arterioles based on BP

19
Q

what happens if the BP is too high ?

A

arterioles constrict to keep too much blood from entering glomerulus

20
Q

what happens if the BP is too low?

A

arterioles dilate to allow enough blood to enter glomerulus

21
Q

what is reabsorption?

A

removal of useful molecules, ions from filtrate back into blood

22
Q

what is secretion?

A

removal of additional molecules, ions from capillaries into tubule

23
Q

what is the paracellular route?

A

substances pass through leaky junctions between epithelial cells

24
Q

what is the transcellular route?

A

substances pass through PCT epithelial cells

25
Q

what are the purposes of tubular secretion?

A

acid-base balance, waste removal, drug removal

26
Q

what is the main purpose of the nephron loop?

A

create osmotic gradient to enable water conservation

27
Q

what happens in the descending limb of the nephron?

A

water is pulled out via osmosis

28
Q

what happens in the ascending limb of the nephron?

A

salt is pumped out of the loop

29
Q

tubular reabsorption in the DCT is controlled by what hormones?

A

parathyroid hormone and aldosterone

30
Q

what mechanism controls blood pressure and GFR?

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

31
Q

increased production of organic acids by the body can result in…

A

metabolic acidosis

32
Q

increased ingestion of acidic drugs can result in…

A

metabolic acidosis

33
Q

what is a chemical buffer?

A

weaker than physiological buffers

34
Q

what is a base?

A

compounds that bind H+ ions in solution

35
Q

the reabsorption of sodium is done in part by cotransporters for sodium and ________ that do not rely on ATP

A

glucose

36
Q

what should not be found in the filtrate of a healthy kidney?

A

proteins

37
Q

what hormone causes sodium reabsorption from the DCT?

A

aldosterone

38
Q

during the early luteal phase, the corpus luteum produces large amounts of estradiol and ___________

A

progesterone

39
Q

during the premenstrual phase, a lack of ________ causes the endometrium to degenerate

A

progesterone

40
Q

during what phase of the female sexual cycle does the corpus luteum produce high levels of progesterone and estrogen

A

luteal phase

41
Q

what happens (in terms of the GFR) when BP drops?

A

kidneys release renin
renin converts angiotensogen into angiotensin I
angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II

42
Q

how does angiotensin II raise BP?

A

causes vasoconstriction, stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone and stimulates posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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