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Microbiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Use of physical, chemical, or mechanical methods to destroy or reduce unwanted microbes.

A

Decontamination

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2
Q

Destruction of all microbial life including viruses and endospores.

A

Sterilization

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3
Q

Destroys vegetative cells not endospores

A

Disinfection

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4
Q

Cleaning technique that mechanically removes microorganisms.

A

Sanitation

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5
Q

Chemical agent that kills microorganisms.

A

Microbicide

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6
Q

Materials used to control microorganisms in the body often have ____________ effects because microbial compounds can be highly toxic to human cells.

A

Microbistatic

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7
Q

Pasteurization

Incineration

A

Heat method of microbial control

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8
Q

Exposing vegetative cells to normal room air causing them to gradually become dehydrated leading to metabolic inhibition.

A

Dessication

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9
Q

Effective method for removing microbes from air & liquids. ie: blood

A

Filtration

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10
Q

Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms.

A

Antibiotics

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11
Q

Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types- for example, a drug effective against both gram-positive & gram negative bacteria.

A

Broad Spectrum

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12
Q

Antimicrobials effective against a limited array of microbial types- for example, a drug effective mainly on gram positive bacteria.

A

Narrow Spectrum

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13
Q

The native microbial forms that an individual harbors.

A

Resident flora

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14
Q

The entry, establishment, & multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host.

A

Infection

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15
Q

Relationship in which microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment by taking actions that inhibit or destroy another organism.

A

Microbial antagonism

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16
Q

Collect genetic sequences in the gut, respiratory tract, skin, etc., to determine which microbes are there, even when they can’t be grown in a laboratory.

A

Human microbiome

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17
Q

A microbe capable of causing infection & disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses.

A

True pathogens

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18
Q

Cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they become established in a part of the body that is natural to them.

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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19
Q

In infection, the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host cells.

A

Virulence

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20
Q

A microbe’s structures or capabilities that allow it to establish itself in a host & cause damage.

A

Virulence factors

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21
Q

Minimum number of microbes needed to cause infection

A

Infectious dose

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22
Q

A class of white blood cells capable of engulfing other cells & particles. First line of defense.

A

Phagocytes

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23
Q

4 phases of infection

A
  • Incubation
  • Prodromal stage
  • Period of invasion
  • Convalescent period
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24
Q

Ability of a virus to lie dormant

A

Latency

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25
Q

Condition resulting from a disease

A

Sequela

26
Q

Natural host or habitat of a pathogen

A

Reservoir

27
Q

Carried and transmitted through an animal

A

Vector

28
Q

Harbors an infection and spreads it to others

A

Carrier

29
Q

Capable of being transmitted from one individual to another

A

Communicable disease

30
Q

Disease that does not arrive through transmission from host to host

A

Non-communicable disease

31
Q

Infections aquired from the hospital

A

Nosocomial infections

32
Q

Study of disease characteristics and distribution within a population

A

Epidemiology

33
Q

Systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood.

A

Septicemia

34
Q

An initial infection in a previously healthy individual that is later complicated by an additional (secondary) infection.

A

Primary infection

35
Q

An infection that compounds am preexisting one.

A

Secondary infection

36
Q

Characterized by rapid onset & short duration.

A

Acute infection

37
Q

The period from the initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms.

A

Incubation

38
Q

A short period of mild symptoms occurring at the end of the period of incubation. Indicates the onset of disease.

A

Promdromal stage

39
Q

The period during a clinical infection when the infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits its greatest toxicity, & becomes well established in the target tissues.

A

Period of invasion

40
Q

Recovery; the period between the end of the disease & the complete restoration of health in a patient.

A

Convalescent period

41
Q

Occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, & remains confined there.

A

Localized infection

42
Q

Infections that invade many compartments & organs via the circulation. Occurring throughout the body.

A

Systemic infection

43
Q

Occurs when an infectious agent breaks loose from a localized infection & is carried by the circulation to other tissues.

A

Focal infection

44
Q

The smallest concentration of drug needed to visibly control microbial growth.

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration MIC

45
Q

Utilize steam under pressure to sterilize heat-resistant materials.

A

Autoclaves

46
Q

Destroy vegatative pathogens in the homes.

A

Boiling water

47
Q

Surfactants dissolving membrane lipid and coagulation proteins. (Vegetative cells and fungi)

A

Alcohols

48
Q

Exemplified by ultraviolet (UV), excites atoms by raising them to a higher energy state, causes abnormal bonding of dna.

A

Nonionizing radiation

49
Q

Breaks apart molecules (good for medical supplies, food products)

A

Ionizing radiation

50
Q

Toxic to anerobes; Produces Hyroxyl free radicals that damage DNA.

A

Hydrogen peroxide

51
Q

4 ways antimicrobials kill microbes

A
  • Attack cell wall
  • -Cell Membrane function
  • Affect Nucleic acid synthesis
  • Block protein synth
52
Q

Obligatory dependent; both members benefit(benefit intestines)

A

Mutualism

53
Q

Other member not harmed(live on surface not harming)

A

Commensulism

54
Q

Parasite is dependent and benefits; host harmed

A

Parasitism

55
Q

Infection that progresses and persists over time

A

Chronic Infection

56
Q

Disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale

A

Endemic

57
Q

Epidemic across continents

A

Pandemic

58
Q

When prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected

A

Epidemic

59
Q

Target fungal membrane, causing loss of selective permeability.

A

Antifungal

60
Q

Chemical applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens

A

Antisepsis

Microbiology (5 decks)

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